THE NOSE AND MOUTH. 173 



I The nasalis labii superioris (belonging to the nose and upper Jip), from a depression, at 

 the junction of the superior maxillary and malar bones, to the angle of the nostril : 

 to raise the lip, and dilate the nostrils. 



m Dilator naris lateralis (side dilator of the nostril), reversed to show the vessels and nerves 

 which it covers, going from the covering of the nasal and frontal bones, to the angle of 

 the mouth, and side of the nostril : to retract the upper lip and dilate the nostrils. 



n Dilator magnus (great dilator), assisting in the same office. 



o Depressor labii inferioris (puller down of the under lip), to the sides of the under lip : to 

 pull it down. 



p Orbicularis oris (circular muscle of the mouth), surrounding the mouth : to close the lips, 

 and dilate the nostrils. 



q The upper portion of the parotid gland (gland near the ear) reversed, to show the blood-ves- 

 sels and nerves beneath it. 



r The parotid duct piercing the cheek, to discharge the saliva into the mouth. 



s The maxillary gland (gland of the lower jaw) with its duct. 



t The jugular (neck) vein, after the two branches have united. 



w At this letter, the submaxillary artery, a branch of the jugular, and the parotid duct, pass 

 under and within the angle of the lower jaw ; they come out again at w, and climb up 

 the cheek to be distributed over the face. 



v The vein and artery, passing under the zygomatic arch. 



x A branch of the fifth pair, the sensitive nerve of the face, emerging from under the parotid gland. 



y The main branch of the portio dura (hard portion) of the seventh pair, the motor (moving) 

 nerve of the face coming out from beneath the parotid gland, to spread over the face. 



z Branches of both nerves, with small blood-vessels. 



There are also four distinct cartilages attached to the nostrils, which, by their 

 elasticity, bring back the nostrils to their former dimensions, as soon as the 

 muscles cease to act. The bones of the nose (a a, p. 110, and p. 111) are also 

 sharpened off to a point, to give wider range for the action of the muscles ; 

 while the cartilages are so contrived, as not only to discharge the office we have 

 mentioned, but to protect this projection of bone from injury. 



There are two circumstances, which, more than any others, will enable the 

 veterinary surgeon, and the owner of a horse, accurately to judge of the character 

 and degree of many diseases, and to which very few persons pay sufficient atten- 

 tion; these are the pulse, of which we shall presently speak, and the colour of the 

 membrane of the nose. It is the custom of most veterinary surgeons and horse- 

 men to lift the upper eyelid, and to form their opinion by the colour which its 

 lining presents. If it is very red, there is considerable fever ; if it is of a pale 

 pinkish hue, there is little danger. The nose, however, is more easily got at ; 

 the surface presented to the view is more extensive ; its sympathy with almost 

 all the important organs is greater ; and the changes produced by disease are 

 more striking and more conclusive. Let the reader first make himself well 

 acquainted with the uniform pale pink appearance of that portion of the mem- 

 brane which covers the lower part of the cartilaginous partition between the 

 nostrils, when the horse is in health and quiet ; then the increased blush of red, 

 betokening some excitement of the system the streaked appearance of inflara - 

 mation commenced, and threatening to increase the intense florid red, of acute 

 inflammation the pale ground with patches of vivid red, showing the half-sub- 

 dued, but still existing fever the uniform colour, although somewhat redder 

 than natural, predicting a return to healthy circulation the paleness approach- 

 ing to white, marking the stage of debility, and sometimes intermingled with 

 radiations of crimson, inducing the suspicion of lurking mischief; and the dark 

 livid colour of approaching stagnation of the vital current. These, with all 

 their shades of difference, will be guides to his opinion and treatment, which 

 every one, who has studied them, will highly appreciate. 



NASAL POLYPUS. 



By a polypus is meant an excrescence or tumour, varying in size, structure, 

 and consistence, and attached by a pedicle to a mucous surface. The true poly- 



