178 THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND MOUTH. 



horse being decidedly glandered from the beginning, and capable of propagating 

 the malady. In process of time, however, pus mingles with the discharge, and 

 then another and a characteristic symptom appears. Some of this is absorbed, 

 and the neighbouring glands become affected. If there is discharge from both 

 nostrils, the glands within the under jaw will be on both sides enlarged. If 

 the discharge is from one nostril only, the swelled gland will be found on that 

 side alone. Glanders, however, will frequently exist at an early stage without 

 these swelled glands, and some other diseases, as catarrh, will produce them. 

 Then we must look out for some peculiarity about these glands, and we shall 

 readily find it. The swelling may be at first somewhat large and diffused, but 

 the surrounding enlargement soon goes off, and one or two small distinct glands 

 remain ; and they are not in the centre of the channel, but adhere closely to the 

 jaw on the affected side. 



The membrane of the nose should now be examined, and will materially 

 guide our opinion. It will either be of a dark purplish hue, or almost of a 

 leaden colour, or of any shade between the two ; or if there is some of the 

 redness of inflammation, it will have a purple tinge : but there will never be 

 the faint, pink blush of health, or the intense and vivid red of usual inflamma- 

 tion. Spots of ulccration will probably appear on the membrane covering the 

 cartilage of the nose not mere sore places, or streaks of abrasion, and quite 

 superficial, but small ulcers, usually approaching to a circular form, deep, and 

 with the edges abrupt and prominent. When these appearances are observed, 

 there can be no doubt about the matter. Care should be taken, however, to 

 ascertain that these ulcers do actually exist, for spots of mucus adhering to the 

 membrane have been more than once taken for them. The finger should, if 

 possible, be passed over the supposed ulcer, in order to determine whether it can 

 be wiped away ; and it should be recollected, as was hinted when describing 

 the duct that conveys the tears to the nose, that the orifice of that duct, just 

 within the nostril, and on the inner side of it, has been mistaken for a chan- 

 crous ulcer. This orifice is on the continuation of the common skin of the 

 muzzle which runs a little way up the nostril, while the ulcer of glanders is 

 on the proper membrane of the nose above. The line of separation between the 

 two is evident on the slightest inspection. 



When ulcers begin to appear on the membrane of the nose, the constitution 

 of the horse is soon evidently affected. The patient loses flesh his belly is 

 tucked up his coat unthrifty, and readily coming off the appetite is im- 

 paired the strength fails cough, more or less urgent, may be heard the 

 discharge from the nose will increase in quantity ; it will be discoloured, bloody, 

 offensive to the smell the ulcers in the nose will become larger and more 

 numerous, and the air-passages being obstructed, a grating, choking noise will 

 be heard at every act of breathing. There is now a peculiar tenderness about 

 the forehead. The membrane lining the frontal sinuses is inflamed and ulcerated, 

 and the integument of the forehead becomes thickened and somewhat swelled. 

 Farcy is now superadded to glanders, or glanders has degenerated into farcy, 

 and more of the absorbents are involved. 



At or before this time little tumours appear about the muscles, and face, and 

 neck, following the course of the veins and the absorbents, for they run side by 

 side ; and these the tumours soon ulcerate. Tumours or buds, still pursuing the 

 path of the absorbents, soon appear on the inside of the thighs. They are con- 

 nected together by a corded substance. This is the inflamed and enlarged lym- 

 phatic ; and ulceration quickly follows the appearance of these buds. The 

 deeper-seated absorbents are next affected ; and one or both of the hind-legs 

 swell to a great size, and become stiff, and hot, and tender. The loss of flesh 

 and strength is more marked every day. The membrane of the nose becomes 



