246 OPERATIONS SUBSIDIARY TO INDUCTION. 



of the Christian Church is made up of words originally used 

 in a much more general acceptation : Ecclesia, Assembly ; 

 Bishop, Episcopus, Overseer ; Priest, Presbyter, Elder ; 

 Deacon, Diaconus, Administrator ; Sacrament, a vow of alle- 

 giance ; Evangelium, good tidings ; and some words, as 

 Minister, are still used both in the general and in the limited 

 sense. It would be interesting to trace the progress by which 

 author came, in its most familiar sense, to signify a writer, and 

 vroiqTrig, or maker, a poet. 



Of the incorporation into the meaning of a term, of cir- 

 cumstances accidentally connected with it at some particular 

 period, as in the case of Pagan, instances might easily be 

 multiplied. Physician (^VO-IKOC, or naturalist) became, in 

 England, synonymous with a healer of diseases, because 

 until a comparatively late period medical practitioners 

 were the only naturalists. Clerc, or clericus, a scholar, 

 came to signify an ecclesiastic, because the clergy were for 

 many centuries the only scholars. 



Of all ideas, however, the most liable to cling by associa- 

 tion to anything with which they have ever been connected 

 by proximity, are those of our pleasures and pains, or of the 

 things which we habitually contemplate as sources of our 

 pleasures or pains. The additional connotation, therefore, 

 -which a word soonest and most readily takes on, is that of 

 tagreeableness or painfulness, in their various kinds and 

 degrees: of being a good or bad thing; desirable or to be 

 ^avoided ; an object of hatred, of dread, contempt, admira- 

 tion, hope, or love. Accordingly there is hardly a single 

 name, expressive of any moral or social fact calculated to 

 call forth strong affections either of a favourable or of a hostile 

 nature, which does not carry with it decidedly and irresistibly 

 a connotation of those strong affections, or, at the least, of 

 approbation or censure ; insomuch that to employ those names 

 in conjunction with others by which the contrary sentiments 

 were expressed, would produce the effect of a paradox, or even 

 a contradiction in terms. The baneful influence of a connota- 

 tion thus acquired, on the prevailing habits of thought, espe- 

 cially in morals and politics, has been well pointed out on 



