82 THE CAT. [CHAP. m. 



are the spheno- palatine foramen and the posterior palatine canal. 

 The orbit is seen to he hounded below hy the maxilla, on which the 

 malar (j) is imposed, and sends up its post-orhital process towards, 

 hut not to, the descending post-orhital process of the frontal. The 

 lower margin of the malar is strongly concave, and the zygomatic 

 process of the squamosal (z) is also strongly concave helow, the 

 zygoma heing much arched upwards as well as outwards. 



At the bottom of the orbit we find, one behind the other, the 

 optic foramen (6), sphenoidal fissure (7), round foramen (8), and 

 the foramen ovale (9) ; while the side wall of the cranium sends 

 outwards a marked but blunt projection (formed principally by the 

 ali-sphenoid), which runs upwards towards the post- orbital process of 

 the frontal, and would, if it were greatly enlarged, more or less 

 enclose the orbit posteriorly. 



Beneath the hinder end of the zygoma, is the glenoid fossa 

 and post-glenoid process ; and behind this, the auditory bulla (b), 

 with its external meatus (ae) t the stylo-mastoid foramen (12), the 

 pit for the tympano-hyal (t), and the mastoid (ms) and par-occipital 

 processes. Thence, the lambdoidal ridge (y) runs upwards and 

 backwards, while behind and beneath it we have the ex- and 

 supra-occipitals (so), with the occipital condyle (c). 



If the skull be viewed from behind, we see extending beyond its 

 globular mass (the upper walls of which are formed, by the parietals 

 (Fig. 47, p) ) the zygoma, widely arching out on each side (z), 

 the much smaller post-orbital processes of the frontal (pf) above, 

 and the depending, rounded, auditory hulla3 (b) below. In the 

 middle, between the hulla3, there is the foramen magnum (fm), 

 with the occipital condyle (oc) on each side of it. The bulla is seen 

 to be clamped laterally and behind by the mastoid (ms) and par- 

 occipital processes, which are closely applied to it. The foramen 

 magnum is bounded above by the supra- occipital (so), on each side 

 of which the lambdoidal ridge (/) runs up to the interparietal (ip). 



In the lower jaw we see the angle (a), the great transverse extent 

 of the articular condyle (/), and the lofty coronoid process (c). 



If the skull be examined dorsatty, the two large frontals and 

 parietals will be seen separated by the crucial mark formed 

 by the sagittal, frontal, and coronal sutures, while the maxillas, 

 premaxillse, and nasals, are conspicuous in front (Fig. 28). The 

 floor of the orbit is also well seen to be composed mainly of the 

 maxilla (m), with the help of palatine (p) and lachrymal (/*) 

 internally, and of the malar (j) externally. The posterior opening 

 of the infra-orbital canal also comes into view as well as the 

 posterior palatine foramen (4) and the spheno-palatine foramen (5). 

 The inward curvatures of the post-orhital processes of the malars (pj)> 

 and the outward curvatures of the frontal post-orbital processes (pf) 

 are also very marked from this point of view. 



In the IXSIDE OF THE CRANIUM, as seen from above when a 

 horizontal section is made and the top of the skull is removed, we 

 may note the following conditions : 



