566 



INDEX 



Titanotheres, prehistoric mammal, res- 

 toration of, 379 



Tobacco, effect on nervous system, 236- 

 237, 169 ; use of bacteria in curing, 405 



Tongue, a sense organ, 120 



Tonsillitis. See Tonsils 



Tonsils, enlargement of, 180 ; infection 

 of, 180 ; colds result from, 475-476 



Tourniquet, when to use, 168 



Tower, experiment of effect of environ- 

 ment of germ plasm, 341-342 



Toxin-antitoxin, discovery of value of, 

 452-453 ; isolation of diphtheria, 471 ; 

 of tuberculosis, 442 



Trachea, 179, 178 



Tracheids, in a leaf, 68, 70 



Traits, ancestral, effect of environment 

 on, 313-315 



Transfusion, of blood, 149 



Trichocysts, of Paramecium, function of, 

 47, 50-51 



Tripe, meaning of, 126 



Tropism, in amoeba, 45-46 ; meaning of, 

 45 ; kinds of, 45-46, laboratory prob- 

 lems to show plant, 203-204 ; use of, 

 204 



Trudeau, 440-442 ; investigations of 

 tuberculosis, 441-442 ; method of 

 treatment for tuberculosis, 442 ; por- 

 trait of, 437 ; sanitarium of, 441, 442 



Trypsinogen, 131 



Tubercle bacilli, discovery of, 438-439 ; 

 effect of, 442, 443 ; staining of, 438 ; 

 when found, 439 



Tuberculin test, devised by Koch, 446- 

 447 ; for cows, 444, 445 



Tuberculosis, acquired from milk, 445 ; 

 bacilli of, 438, 439 ; causative organ- 

 ism of, 442 ; conditions favoring de- 

 velopment, 443-444 ; diagnosis, 444 ; 

 discovery of cause of, 438-440 ; eco- 

 nomic importance of, 448 ; eradica- 

 tion of, 444 ; experiments on spread 

 of, 437-438; immunity to, 442-443; 

 in relation to heredity, 443, 448; 

 mortality in England and Wales, 445 ; 

 mortality in United States, 443; of 

 animals, 444; prevalence, 448; pre- 

 vention, 446-448 ; spread of, 444-445 ; 

 symptoms of, 444 ; treatment of, 446 ; 

 types of, 442 ; vaccination for pre- 

 vention of, 447-448 



Tubers, propagation by, 261-262 



Tubules, of kidneys, 175 



Tulip, laboratory study of parts of, 

 273-274 



Twins, causes of identical, 314, 370 



Tyndall, John, apparatus and experi- 

 ment to disprove spontaneous genera- 

 tion, 244-245 ; importance of experi- 

 ment, 245 



Typhoid, 464-472 ; bacilli, 464 ; carriers 

 of, 465 ; cause of, 464 ; diagnosis of, 

 466-467; epidemic, 469-472; food 

 infection, 467 ; immunity to, 469 ; 

 " Mary," 465 ; milk infection, 467, 

 nature of, 464-465; prevalence, 464; 

 prevention of, 468 ; protection of 

 body against, 465 ; routes of infection, 

 467-468; symptoms of, 464; trans- 

 mission of, 467-468 ; vaccination and, 

 469 



Ultra-violet rays. See sunlight 

 Ungulata, classified, 527 ; animals of 



order, 527 



Unit characters, 318, 327-330 

 Urea, 170, 172-173 ; formation of, 161 

 Ureters, position of, 175 ; function of, 175 

 Urine, 170 



Uronychia, regeneration of, 56 

 Uvula, 120 



Vaccination, small pox, decrease of small- 

 pox in Prussia and Austria due to, 422 ; 

 history of, 421-422 ; introduction into 

 America, 423 ; objections to, 423, 427 ; 

 results of compulsory, 425-426 ; ty- 

 phoid, 469 ; value of, 426-427, 508 



Vaccine, for rabies, 432 ; for smallpox, 

 426 ; preparation of, 426, 508 



Vacuole, function of contractile, 59 ; 

 function of food, 59 ; structure of food, 

 58-59 



Valve, mitral, 160 ; in veins, 158 



Variations, germinal, 312, 339-342; in 

 species, 374 ; inheritance of, 374-375 ; 

 somatic, 308-310 



Varicose veins, cause of, 168 



Varieties, species and, of de Vries, 376- 

 377 



Vascular, and supporting tissues of leaf, 

 laboratory problem, 6869 



Vegetative propagation, Artificial meth- 

 ods of, by cuttings, 255-256 ; by graft- 

 ins;, 257, 260; by regeneration, 256- 

 257 ; Natural methods of, by bulbs, 

 262-263; by layering, 260; by rhi- 

 somes, 261 ; by runners, 260-261 ; by 

 tubers, 261-262 



Veins, direction of blood flow in, 157- 

 160; hepatic, 161; portal, 161; 

 pressure in, 158-159 ; valves in, 158 ; 

 varicose, 168 



Vena cava, lower or inferior, 153, 160; 

 upper or superior, 153, 160 



Venous blood, 144 



Ventilation, methods of, 185 



Ventricles. See Heart 



Vermiform appendix, 134-135 



Vesalius, contributions to surgery, 12, 

 13 ; knowledge of circulation, 164 



