ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING 135 



of shooting not only enables one to shoot nearer the mark, but 

 likewise to draw a stronger bow. 



The logical arts are four, being divided according to the ends 

 they lead to: for in rational knowledge man endeavors, I. 

 either to find what he seeks ; 2. to judge of what he finds ; 3. to 

 retain what he has approved ; or 4. to deliver what he has re- 

 tained: whence there are as many rational arts; viz., i. the art 

 of inquiry or invention; 2. the art of examination or judging; 

 3. the art of custody or memory ; and 4. the art of elocution or 

 delivery. 



CHAPTER II 



Division of Invention into the Invention of Arts and Arguments. The 

 former, though the more important of them, is wanting. Division 

 of the Invention of Arts into Literate (Instructed) Experience and a 

 New Method (Novum Organum). An Illustration of Literate Ex- 

 perience 



Invention is of two very different kinds : the one of arts and 

 sciences, the other of arguments and discourse. The former I 

 set down as absolutely deficient. And this deficiency appears 

 like that, when, in taking the inventory of an estate, there is set 

 down, in cash, nothing: for as ready money will purchase all 

 other commodities, so this art, if extant, would procure all 

 other arts. And as the immense regions of the West Indies 

 had never been discovered, if the use of the compass had not 

 first been known, it is no wonder that the discovery and ad- 

 vancement of arts hath made no greater progress, when the art 

 of inventing and discovering the sciences remains hitherto un- 

 known. That this part of knowledge is wanting, seems clear : 

 for logic professes not, nor pretends to invent, either mechani- 

 cal or liberal arts, nor to deduce the operations of the one, or 

 the axioms of the other ; but only leaves us this instruction in 

 passage, to believe every artist in his own art.a Celsus, a wise 

 man, as well as a physician, speaking of the empirical and dog- 

 matical sects of physicians, gravely and ingenuously acknowl- 

 edges, that medicines and cures were first discovered, and the 

 reasons and causes of them discoursed afterwards^ not that 

 causes, first derived from the nature of things, gave light to the 

 invention of cures and remedies. And Plato, more than once, 

 observes, that particulars are infinite, that the highest generali- 



