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visible without the telescope. By the telescope, also, we can 

 behold the revolutions of smaller stars round Jupiter, whence 

 it may be conjectured that there are several centres of motion 

 among the stars. By its assistance, also, the irregularity of 

 light and shade on the moon's surface is more clearly observed 

 and determined, so as to allow of a sort of selenography. By 

 the telescope we see the spots in the sun, and other similar 

 phenomena ; all of which are most noble discoveries, as far as 

 credit can be safely given to demonstrations of this nature, 

 which are on this account very suspicious, namely, that experi- 

 ment stops at these few, and nothing further has yet been dis- 

 covered by the same method, among objects equally worthy of 

 consideration. 



We have instances of the third kind in measuring-rods, astro- 

 labes, and the like, which do not enlarge, but correct and guide 

 the sight. If there be other instances which assist the other 

 senses in their immediate and individual action, yet if they add 

 nothing further to their information they are not apposite to 

 our present purpose, and we have therefore said nothing of 

 them. 



40. In the seventeenth rank of prerogative instances we will 

 place citing instances (to borrow a term from the tribunals), 

 because they cite those things to appear, which have not yet 

 appeared. We are wont also to call them invoking instances, 

 and their property is that of reducing to the sphere of the senses 

 objects which do not immediately fall within it. 



Objects escape the senses either from their distance, or the 

 intervention of other bodies, or because they are not calculated 

 to make an impression upon the senses, or because they are not 

 in sufficient quantity to strike the senses, or because there is not 

 sufficient time for their acting upon the senses, or because the 

 impression is too violent, or because the senses are previously 

 filled and possessed by the object, so as to leave no room for 

 any new motion. These remarks apply principally to sight, 

 and next to touch, which two senses act extensively in giving 

 information, and that too upon general objects, whilst the re- 

 maining three inform us only, as it were, by their immediate 

 action, and as to specific objects. 



There can be no reduction to the sphere of the senses in the 

 first case, unless in the place of the object, which cannot be per- 

 ceived on account of the distance, there be added or substituted 

 some other object, which can excite and strike the sense from a 

 greater distance, as in the communication of intelligence by 

 fires, bells, and the like. 



In the second case we effect this reduction by rendering those 

 things which are concealed by the interposition of other bodies, 

 and which cannot easily be laid open, evident to the senses by 



