28 Agricultural Bacteriology. 



is standing, her hind feet will always be back of the 

 strip and the manure fall well to the rear. The animal 

 soon learns that it is not at all comfortable to lie on the 

 -strip and thus crowds to the front on lying down and is 

 out of contact with the manure. The clean condition 

 of the cows in the accompanying illustration is to be 

 noted. The photographs were taken in the early spring 

 before the cows had shed their winter coats. Less 

 than one hour per day of one man's time was spent in 

 cleaning the thirty animals of the herd. A stall that 

 accomplishes this purpose, together with plenty of 

 clean bedding is all that is needed to keep the cattle 

 clean. These things are within the reach of every 

 farmer. Concrete is often used as a floor and is very 

 desirable on account of the easier cleaning. It is de- 

 sirable, especially in the colder parts of the country, to 

 cover the concrete of the stalls with wood. 



Other things may be done that will greatly reduce 

 the contamination from the animal. The long hairs 

 should be clipped from the udder and flanks and the 

 tail should also be clipped. The short hair holds 

 much less dirt and the animal can be cleaned much 

 easier in case she becomes soiled. Cleaning with card 

 and brush will also insure the removal of much of the 

 loose dirt and hair from the skin. This treatment 

 should be given some time before the milking time, on 

 account of the dust produced. The udder and flanks 

 should be wiped with a damp cloth just before milking. 

 This serves to remove much of the dust and prevents the 

 dislodgment of the finer dust particles during the milk- 

 ing process. 



Improved milk pails. In order to still further dimin- 

 ish the contamination from the animal the use of a pail 



