Diseases of Fowls. 159 



Fowl typhoid. This disease is thought to be more 

 widely spread than chicken cholera. The disease is less 

 rapid in its progress in the individual bird, than is 

 cholera. It is often mistaken for this disease for there 

 are no marked differences in the symptoms. The diar- 

 rhea so characteristic of cholera is usually absent and the 

 intestines are pale instead of deep red, and the contents 

 of normal consistency, while in cholera the intestinal con- 

 tents are liquid and blood stained. It is not especially 

 important that a correct diagnosis be made as to which 

 of these diseases is present in the flock, since identical 

 methods of prevention should be employed with either. 



Roup, or diphtheria in fowls. The disease of diph- 

 theria of fowls is not caused by the same organism caus- 

 ing diphtheria in human beings. It is considered to be 

 the most important disease of chickens in this country. 

 It is claimed that it affects turkeys, ducks, pigeons, and 

 pheasants, as well as chickens. The cause of roup has 

 not been discovered with certainty. 



The first symptom to be noted is a discharge of a wat- 

 ery liquid from the nostrils, and often from the eyes, 

 and the bird becomes dumpish. The breathing is often 

 noisy, due to the obstruction of the air passages with the 

 discharge ; the fowl may be able to breathe only by open- 

 ing its mouth. Sneezing is frequent. Diarrhea appears 

 later, the evacuations being greenish or yellowish. The 

 eyes may be covered with the dried discharge, or they 

 may be forced from their sockets, due to the accumula- 

 tion of cheesy matter in the sockets. There are to be 

 found in the mouth and throat, patches of grayish-yellow 

 exudations, called false membranes which are similar to 

 the membranes formed in the case of diphtheria in human 

 beings. The closing of the throat by the membrane 



