214 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



is associated with the apple in the propagation of the rust 

 fungus. In autumn small chocolate galls form upon the cedar 

 branches, which may increase in size until an inch in diameter 

 when mature in spring. When the moist days of April and 

 May come, these galls have long, orange-yellow, gelatinous 

 horns develop from them, and then the galls become conspic- 

 uous, resembling somewhat a small chrysanthemum bloom, 

 and from this showy appearance they are often considered the 

 flowers of the cedar (see Fig. 279). In the golden jelly spores 

 are produced by the million, and as the horns dry down, the 

 spores are carried away by the winds, and falling upon the 

 young tender, unfolding apple leaves, soon grow and produce 

 the rust spots above mentioned. 



As the rust matures upon the apple, the spores are set free 

 from it, and these, finding their way to the cedar trees in mid- 

 summer, start a new crop of galls for the propagation of the 

 rust upon the apple the following spring. 



Remedies. It is seen from the nature of this fungus that, 

 when it is destructive in the orchard, the cedar trees near by 

 should be either cut away or the galls upon them picked off 

 and destroyed before the spores are matured. It should be 

 said that some varieties of apples are more susceptible than 

 others, and the Russian sorts seem to be exempt. It goes 

 without saying that orchardists should be upon the watch for 

 this difference in susceptibility, and in regions where the rust 

 is destructive be governed accordingly. 



The Scab (Fusciladium de.ndriticum Fcl.) is perhaps the most 

 common destructive enemy of the apple. The fungus attacks 

 both the foliage and the fruit, producing upon the former 

 brown patches, with the leaf somewhat distorted at the place 

 of attack. The fruit is often attacked just as it is passing out 

 of the flower stage, and may cause a dwarfing of the speci- 

 men, and giving it a blotched and misshapen appearance (see 

 Fig. 280). Unlike the rust, the scab fungus is not a deep feeder ; 

 but growing close beneath the skin of leaf or fruit produces 

 vast numbers of brown spores, thus giving the dirty discolor-, 

 ation to the affected parts. The spores are disseminated by 

 winds and water and germinate quickly when the conditions 

 are favorable, all of which is a full explanation of the rapid 

 development of the scab at certain times. 



