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and Texas. The soils where this species grows naturally 

 and those where its varieties are cultivated are sandy, or red, 

 and siliceous, often resulting from the disintegration of 

 granitic rocks. Further, the soils of New Jersey and those 

 of the Islands in the neighborhood of New York are consti- 

 tuted of fine, very deep, fresh, and fertile sands; those of 

 Maryland are red, fine, and very moist sands. In Virginia 

 and Pennsylvania, etc., this species is limited to very rich 

 granitic soils, and grows only in places where they are fresh 

 and moist. In all these soils the V. Labrusca is very vig- 

 orous, although phylloxera produces nodosities and tuber- 

 osities on its roots. 



The same facts have been noticed in Europe. It is exclu- 

 sively in sandy fertile, deep, and fresh alluvial sands that 

 the Concord and Isabella have proved vigorous and resistant ; 

 it is mostly in a few red and rich siliceous soils of the alpine 

 diluvium that the Concord has maintained its vigour, as well 

 as in the partly submerged and non-calcareous soils of the 

 northern regions, that is to say, in surroundings where phyl- 

 loxera has less effect. 



When the V. Labrusca and its varieties are cultivated in 

 other than sandy, granitic, clay -siliceous, or alluvial soils, 

 they die under the action of phylloxera, in America as well 

 as France ; on account of its large roots this species thrives 

 in compact but very fertile and rich soils. Further, in cal- 

 careous soils the different forms of V. Labrusca rapidly 

 become chlorotic and disappear even quicker than the Euro- 

 pean vines on account of the combined action of both soil 

 and phylloxera. 



These facts have been noticed since the beginning of re- 

 constitution with American vines in the south of France 

 (limestone and yellow marls of the Molasse) and in the 

 Charentes (limestones of the Cretaceous period). It is the 

 same in America. In the yellow, marly soils surrounding the 

 great lakes (Sandusky) the V. Labrusca becomes chlorotic and 

 dies quickly. In the south, in Texas for example, where the 

 phylloxera has a still greater power on chlorotic plants in 

 calcareous soils, the culture of the V. Labrusca is impossible 

 in the black, often very rich, deep and compact, but calcareous 

 soils surmounting the chalky subsoil. We are obliged, 

 in order to maintain varieties of V. Labrusca in the more 

 fertile soils, to layer each year (as is done in the Champagne) 

 the canes of the preceding year. The maintenance of the 



