134 AMERICAN VINES. 



soils it rapidly becomes yellow; it has, how&ver, a certain 

 resistance to chlorosis in good groies soils, but its vigour in 

 such soils is too feeble to allow its utilization, notwith- 

 standing its free rooting, and the perfection of the knitting- 

 it gives when grafted with almost all European varieties. It 

 owes its facility of growing from cuttings to its parent, 

 V. Labrusca. To sum up, it is a graft-bearer which succeeds 

 in the soils of the northern regions, where certain Rupestris 

 varieties succeed also, with the advantage of being far 

 superior. In warm regions phylloxera depresses it, except 

 in fertile moist soils, where the Riparias are always far 

 superior to it. 



Its grapes are very foxy and harsh ; it cannot therefore 

 be used as a direct-producer. It is, however, cultivated for 

 its fruit in some parts of Italy, where the rural population 

 put up with it, for want of something better. 



Hybrids of V. Labrusca, V. >stivalis, and V. 

 Cinerea. In this group there are comprised, according to 

 Millardet, cepages considered as pure ^Estivalis, such as 

 Cynthiana,, Norton's Virginia, Hermann, Pauline. We will 

 mention the three hybrids: Concord X Cynthiana, raised by 

 T. V. Munson, Balsiger's (Cynthiana X Martha), Gold Coin 

 (Cynthiana X Martha). These three hybrids (yEstivalis X 

 Cinerea X Labrusca) are creations without interest for us. 



Cynthiana, Hermann and Pauline are affected to a high 

 degree by calcareous soils ; they have therefore preserved 

 the special properties of the two principal species they 

 originate from and also that of V. Labrusca, if, as Millardet 

 thinks, this species has played any part in their procreation. 

 Their resistance to phylloxera is as follows : 



Cynthiana . . . . . . . . . . 14 



Hermann . . . . . . . . . . 10 



Pauline . . . . . . . . '. . 12 



Hermann and Pauline have never existed except in 

 collections, but the Cynthiana has been propagated in some 

 French vineyards, exclusively as a direct-producer, on account 

 of its clean taste, and the deep and bright colour of its wine. 

 In France it has only been a success in red pebbly siliceous 

 soil; it is in soil of this nature that it is almost exclusively 

 cultivated in America, more particularly in Virginia. But, 

 in dry and warm regions, the Cynthiana, even when in such 



