174 AMERICAN VINES. 



European cepages, with the idea of improving the quality 

 and productivity of indigenous vines. They created and 

 are still creating constantly a considerable number of these 

 hybrids. Here is a list of the best known, with their origin, 

 and their value of resistance to phylloxera : 



Triumph (Concord and Muscat-Chasselas No. 6, Camp- 

 bell) Resistance, 4. 



Senasqua (Concord and Black Prince, Underbill) 

 Resistance, 5. 



Black Defiance (Black St. Peter and Concord, Underbill) 

 Resistance, 5. 



Agawam (Labrusca and Black Hamburg No. 15, Rogers) 

 Resistance, 6. 



Campbell (seedling of Triumph, Munson). 



Herbert (Labrusca and Black Hamburg No. 44, Rogers). 



Highland (Concord and Muscat No. 57, Ricketts). 



Irwing (Concord and White-Frontignan No. 8, Under- 

 bill) Resistance, 5. 



Lindley (Labrusca and Golden-Chasselas No. 9, Rogers). 



Gartner (White-Chasselas and Labrusca No. 14, Rogers). 



Black Eagle (Labrusca and Vinifera No. 8 12 , Rogers) 

 Resistance, 3 ; etc. 



The non-success obtained in the culture of European 

 cepages in America was exclusively attributed, before the 

 discovery of phylloxera in France, to the action of the 

 climate. It was with an idea of endowing the European 

 cepages with a greater faculty of adaptation to climate that 

 hybridization was first undertaken. It was easy to foresee 

 (a fact which the American hybridizers overlooked) that the 

 crossing of a V. Vinifera of negative resistance and a V. 

 Labrusca with very limited resistance would produce a vine 

 of little resistance. This is what actually occurred. The 

 resistance, given above, of the principal of these hybrids is 

 very small. On account of this fact alone, these hybrids, 

 especially those which have had a certain fame in France 

 (Triumph, Senasqua, Black Defiance}, have no value what- 

 ever. They could only succeed and thrive in rich, fresh, 

 sandy soils, especially in northern regions, where the 

 phylloxera would not have much effect upon them, and 

 where they could easily and rapidly produce new roots. In 

 dry and unfertile soils, particularly in the south of France, 

 these three cepages rapidly succumb to the attacks of 

 phylloxera. In rich soil their grafting on more resistant 



