244 AMERICAN VINES. 



planted out for at least one year. Rooted cuttings are 

 sometimes planted out in autumn, to be grafted in the fol- 

 lowing spring. Here, again, the operation is performed in 

 the same way, using the whip-tongue or English cleft-grafts. 

 But frequently better results are obtained by this method 

 than with stocks that had been planted out for one year, at least 

 in the cold regions of the south-west and centre. 



How can this be explained? The graft is not better 

 made in one case than in the other. It is that rooted cut- 

 tings do not bleed as much, and also that stock and scion 

 are not surrounded by an excess of water, and are therefore 

 placed under better conditions for the production of 

 callus. ' 



This method, which can only be applied to vigorous root- 

 lings, allows a rapid and cheap reconstitution to be made, 

 but gives rather weak grafts, at least during the first year 

 following the grafting. 



(e) Selection and Preservation of Scions. We need not 

 insist on the selections of scions. They should only be cut 

 from those canes which have borne the most fruit, and from 

 the most fertile vines. They should never be taken from 

 young vines, which always have a tendency to produce wood 

 instead of fruit, and which are never well lignified ; nor 

 from vines affected by cryptogamic diseases, which are always 

 deficient in reserve material, and consequently incapable of 

 forming much callus. 



For early grafts (February) the scions may be taken 

 direct from the stump and used immediately ; for late 

 grafts they should be cut beforehand, previous to the start of 

 growth, preserved in a cool place exposed to the north, and 

 completely buried in almost dry sand. For, as already said, 

 the stock always forms callus with difficulty; hence it is 

 important that its growth should be more advanced than that 

 of the scion. 



(/) Autumn Grafts. Grafting on growing stocks can 

 also be performed in autumn, in the manner already indi- 

 cated; the scions are taken from well lignified canes, and 

 the graft should be well earthed up. The results have proved 

 unsuccessful almost everywhere. 



Finally, it may also be performed in summer, without 

 decapitating the stock. In this case the Cadillac and Gaillard 

 systems of grafting are used. 



