THE WHEAT CULTURIST. 233 



is desirable to bring up a little of the rich, clay loam to 

 the surface, to be mingled with the light soil or vegetable 

 mould. In New Jersey, as well as in other States, the 

 soil, in many sections of the country, consists of a light, 

 sandy loam, resting on a fertile, clay-loam subsoil, 

 about ten or twelve inches below the surface. For 

 almost all kinds of crops, especially for wheat and 

 other cereal grain, it is important to turn up a few 

 inches in depth of this subsoil. With a common plough 

 it is difficult to do it. But with one of Governor 

 Holbrook's deep-tiller ploughs, one span of horses will 

 open a furrow twelve inches deep, and continue to 

 plough at that depth, provided the plough is adjusted 

 to cut only five or six inches wide. Read the chapter 

 on Ploughs and Ploughing, in both volumes of my 

 Young Farmer's Manual. 



HOLBROOK'S EIGHT AND LEFT PLOUGH. 



The accompanying illustration of a plough represents 

 a style of ploughs manufactured by F. F. Holbrook, 

 Boston, Massachusetts, which are gaining favor among 

 farmers, on account of their convenience in enabling a 

 ploughman to commence on one side of a field, and 

 plough back and forth, until the field is finished. By this 

 manner of ploughing, the entire field can be finished 

 without a dead furrow. Besides this, the surface of the 

 land is kept level, which is not the case when ground 

 is ploughed in lands. Some farmers prefer this style of 

 ploughs for another reason, which is this : when plough- 

 ing land for any kind of grain that is to be drilled in, 

 they can hitch the team to the drill twice, or more, in 

 a day ; and put in the grain as far as the ploughing is 



