344 HISTORICAL PALAEONTOLOGY. 



bronze implements, and the bones of animals now living in 

 Britain. This, therefore, is a recent deposit. 



(c) A layer of stalagmite, from sixteen to twenty inches 

 thick, but sometimes as much as five feet, containing the bones 

 of Man, together with those of extinct Post-Pliocene Mammals. 



(d) A bed of red cave-earth, sometimes four feet in thick- 

 ness, with numerous bones of extinct Mammals (Mammoth, 

 Cave-bear, &c.), together with human implements of flint and 

 horn. 



(e) A second bed of stalagmite, in places twelve feet in 

 thickness, with bones of the Cave bear. 



(/) A red-loam and cave-breccia, with remains of the Cave- 

 bear and human implements. 



The most important Mammals which are found in cave- 

 deposits in Europe generally, are the Cave-bear, the Cave-lion, 

 the Cave-hyaena, the Reindeer, the Musk-ox, the Glutton, and 

 the Lemming of which the first three are probably identical 

 with existing forms, and the remainder are certainly so to- 

 gether with the Mammoth and the Woolly Rhinoceros, which 

 are undoubtedly extinct. Along with these are found the 

 implements, and in some cases the bones, of Man himself, in 

 such a manner as to render it absolutely certain that an early 

 race of men was truly contemporaneous in Western Europe 

 with the animals above mentioned. 



IV. UNCLASSIFIED POST-PLIOCENE DEPOSITS. Apart from 

 any of the afore-mentioned deposits, there occur other accumu- 

 lations sometimes superficial, sometimes in caves which are 

 found in regions where a " Glacial period " has not been fully 

 demonstrated, or where such did not take place ; and which, 

 therefore, are not amenable to the above classification. The 

 most important of these are known to occur in South America 

 and Australia ; and though their numerous extinct Mammalia 

 place their reference to the Post-Pliocene period beyond 

 doubt, their relations to the glacial period and its deposits in 

 the northern hemisphere have not been precisely determined. 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD Continued. 



As regards the life of the Post-Pliocene period, we have, in. 

 the first place, to notice the effect produced throughout the 



