354 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. 



species. The skin was not thrown into the folds which char- 

 acterise most of the existing forms ; and the technical name 

 of the species refers to the fact that the nostrils were com- 

 pletely separated by a bony partition. The head carried two 

 horns, placed one behind the other, the front one being un- 

 usually large. As regards its geographical range, the Woolly 

 Rhinoceros is found in Europe in vast numbers north of the 

 Alps and Pyrenees, and it also abounded in Siberia ; so that 

 it would appear to be a distinctly northern form, and to have 

 been adapted for a temperate climate. It is not known to 

 occur in Pliocene deposits, but it makes its first appearance 

 in the Pre-Glacial deposits, surviving the Glacial period, and 

 being found in abundance in Post-Glacial accumulations. It 

 was undoubtedly a contemporary of the earlier races of men 

 in Western Europe ; and it may perhaps be regarded as being 

 the actual substantial kernel of some of the " Dragons " of 

 fable. 



The only other Odd-toed Ungulate which needs notice is 

 the so-called Equus fossilis of the Post-Pliocene of Europe. 

 This made its appearance before the Glacial period, and ap- 

 pears to be in reality identical with the existing Horse (Equus 

 caballus) True Horses also occur in the Post-Pliocene of 

 North America ; but, from some cause or another, they must 

 have been exterminated before historic times. 



Amongst the Even-toed Ungulates, the great Hippopotamus 

 major of the Pliocene still continued to exist in Post-Pliocene 

 times in Western Europe ; and the existing Wild Boar (Sus 

 scrofa), the parent of our domestic breeds of Pigs, appeared 

 for the first time. The Old World possessed extinct repre- 

 sentatives of its existing Camels, and lost types of the living 

 Llamas inhabited South America. Amongst the Deer, the 

 Post- Pliocene accumulations have yielded the remains of 

 various living species, such as the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus}, 

 the Reindeer (Cervus tarandus), the Moose or Elk (Alces 

 malchis), and the Roebuck (Cervus capreolus), together with 

 a number of extinct forms. Among the latter, the great 

 "Irish Elk" ( Cervus megaceros) is justly celebrated both for 

 its size and for the number and excellent preservation of its 

 discovered remains. This extinct species (fig. 264) has been 

 found principally in peat- mosses and Post-Pliocene lake- 

 deposits, and is remarkable for the enormous size of the 

 spreading antlers, which are widened out towards their ex- 

 tremities, and attain an expanse of over ten feet from tip to 

 tip. It is not a genuine Elk, but is intermediate between 

 the Reindeer and the Fallow-deer. Among the existing Deer 



