xii PREFACE 



Hesse's Animal Geography (C. C. Thomas, 1932) 

 or in Alice's Animal Aggregations, A study in 

 General Sociology (University of Chicago Press, 

 1931). 



I wish to acknowledge indebtedness to many 

 workers who may recognize their ideas in a new 

 dress and, perhaps, in unexpected company; to 

 Kenji Toda for drawing the figures and to V. E. 

 Shelford and Marjorie Hill Allee for reading the 

 manuscript critically. 



W. C. ALLEE. 



The University of Chicago. 



