viii CONTENTS 



XI. THE MASTODON 



Differences between Mastodon and Mammoth, 198 ; affinities 

 of the Mastodon, 200 ; vestigial structures, 201 ; distribution 

 of American Mastodon, 203 ; first noticed in North America, 

 204 ; thought to be carnivorous, 206 ; Koch's Missourium, 

 208 ; former abundance of Mastodons, 209 ; appearance of 

 the animal, 210; its size, 211 ; was man contemporary with 

 Mastodon? 213; the Lenape stone, 215; legend of the big 

 buffalo, 216 ; references, 218. 



XII. WHY DO ANIMALS BECOME EXTINCT? 



Extinction sometimes evolution, 221 ; over-specialization as a 

 cause for extinction, 222 ; extinction sometimes unaccounta- 

 ble, 223 ; man's capability for harm small in the past, 224 ; 

 old theories of great convulsions, 226 ; changes in nature slow, 

 227 ; the case of Lingula, 228 ; local extermination, 229 ; the 

 Moas and the Great Auk, 232 ; the case of large animals, 

 233 ; interdependence of living beings, 234 ; coyotes and 

 fruit, 236 ; Shaler on the Miocene flora of Europe, 236 ; man's 

 desire for knowledge, 238. 



INDEX, . . . 243 



