196 ANIMALS OF THE PAST 



greatest development of tusks occurred in Elephas gane- 

 sa, a species found in Pliocene deposits of the Siwalik 

 Hills, India. This species appears not to have exceeded 

 the existing elephant in bulk, but the tusks are twelve feet 

 nine inches long, and two feet two inches in circumfer- 

 ence. How the animal ever carried them is a mystery, 

 both on account of their size and their enormous leverage. 

 As for teeth, an upper grinder of Elephas columbi in the 

 United States National Museum is ten and one-half 

 inches high, nine inches wide, the grinding face being 

 eight by five inches. This tooth, which is unusually per- 

 fect, retaining the outer covering of cement, came from 

 Afton, Indian Territory, and weighs a little over fifteen 

 pounds. The lower tooth, shown in Fig. 38, is twelve 

 inches long, and the grinding face is nine by three and 

 one-half inches; this is also from Elephas columbi. 

 Grinders of the Northern Mammoth are smaller, and the 

 plates of enamel thinner, and closer to one another. 

 Mr. F. E. Andrews, of Gunsight, Texas, reports hav- 

 ing found a femur, or thigh-bone five feet four inches 

 long, and a humerus measuring four feet three inches, 

 these being the largest bones on record indicating an 

 animal fourteen feet high. 



There is a vast amount of literature relating to the 

 mammoth, some of it very untrustworthy. A list of all 

 discoveries of specimens in thefiesh is given by Nordens- 



