88 APPLE GROWING IN CALIFORNIA. 



Agricultural College and Experiment Station, mention the European 

 grain aphis (Aphis avence) and the clover aphis (Aphis bakeri) as being 

 of more or less importance. These species are not commonly found on 

 apple in California. The melon aphis (Aphis gossypii) and the sweet 

 clover aphis (Aphis medicaginis) are occassionally taken on apple, but 

 are never serious. 



MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PESTS. 



Apple Tree Leaf -Hopper. 



(Empoasca mali.) 



Infested leaves appear more or less mottled with whitish markings, 

 similar to those injured by mites. An examination of such leaves will 

 disclose the fact that little white bodied, sucking insects are feeding 

 underneath. These hatch from eggs laid in the bark of young growth. 

 Wings are developed during the season and upon the slightest disturb- 

 ance to the trees the insects take flight, and when infestation is bad 

 swarms of them may be seen in the air. 



A spray of Black Leaf "40," 1 to 1000 and soap, to kill the larvae, is 

 effective. Essig recommends whale oil soap, 1 pound to 8 gallons, or 

 oil emulsions. 



San Jose Scale. 



(Aspidiotus perniciosus.) 



This scale insect is more commonly found than any other on apple 

 trees in California. It is very easily recognized, because of the fact that 

 it causes small red spots to appear on the bark and fruit wherever it 

 attaches itself. The scale covering varies from gray in the larger speci- 

 mens to sooty black in the smaller. Underneath these scale coverings 

 may be seen the little yellow bodies of the insects themselves, which live 

 by sucking sap from the bark through their little beaks by which they 

 are attached to the twigs. The pest winters in different stages of 

 growth. It may be controlled by a spray of either lime-sulphur or an 

 oil emulsion during the dormant season. 



Oyster Shell Scale. 



(Lepidosaphes ulmi.) 



This scale was so named because of the fact that the covering is shaped 

 somewhat like an oyster shell. During the winter season an examination 

 will disclose the fact that there are a great number of little white eggs 

 underneath the scale coverings. These hatch in the early spring, the 

 little scales immediately attaching themselves either to the foliage or 

 bark, where feeding begins. Lime-sulphur is recommended as a spray 

 during the dormant season to control this insect. It is also readily held 

 in check by means of oil emulsion sprays, just as the eggs are hatching 

 in the spring. 



The Scurfy Scale. 



( Chionaspis furfura. ) 



This species may be distinguished by the dirty white scale coverings 

 on the bark. Underneath thee may be seen the purple bodies of the 

 insects, or eggs of the same color. 



Dormant sprays of either lime-sulphur or oil emulsions are used with 

 success. 



