AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY or \Y.\v xi<: COUNTY, NEW YORK. 315 



the drumlins were once islands or were covered by the lake at the same 

 time when the ridge was formed. (See Fig. 67.) The sediment depos- 

 ited in the quiet water that rilled these lower places formed the Miami 

 silt loam (see page 317), which has proved to be an excellent apple soil. 

 The higher-lying land is mostly the Miami stony loam and Alton stony 

 loam. Areas of Miami fine sand also occur. 



The gently rolling, glaciated area. Between the ridge and the drum- 

 lins of Marion and Walworth townships the soil was mostly removed by 

 the glaciers. In many places the rock is so near the surface as to inter- 

 fere with the growth of apples. The soil is a good apple soil where deep 

 enough and where there is an outlet for the water. 



Area of rolling land that was once the lake bed. North of the ridge 

 the land was once the old lake bed. The soil is formed from sedimentary 

 deposits in the old lake and to some extent from deposits by the glaciers. 

 It is now a gently rolling plain with a quite variable soil. (See Fig. 

 144.) In many places the drainage is poor, but there are many desir- 

 able sites for orchards. The soil types used for apples are the Alton 

 stony loam, Miami silt loam and Miami fine sand.* 



Soils. 



The soil types. The chief apple soils of the county are the Miami 

 stony loam, the Miami silt loam and the Alton stony loam. Apples are 

 also grown on the Miami fine sand, the Ontario gravelly loam and on a 

 phase of the Alton stony loam that has the bed-rock too near the surface. f 



*For a further discussion of the topography, geology and origin of soils, see 

 Part II of this report. 



tFor a more extended discussion of soils, see the report of "A Soil Survey of the 

 Lyons Area," a reprint from the " Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1902." 

 This gives a discussion of the soils and a soil map of all the county except the west 

 tier of townships. It is sent free to all who apply to the Secretary of Agriculture, 

 Washington, D. C. 



This report was not published at the time the orchard survey was made, so that 

 the soil classification was independent of the Bureau of Soils, though following the 

 same methods. More subdivisions were made in the orchard work, with the idea 

 of combining, if the differences were found to be insufficient to warrant the separa- 

 tion. The Miami stony loam, Alton stony loam and Miami fine sand were each 

 divided into two subtypes. These divisions seem to be entirely unnecessary. One 

 subdivision of the Alton stony loam, in which the bed-rock is so near the surface as 

 materially to affect the production of apples, is retained as a distinct type. The 

 Ontario gravelly loam was mapped by the Bureau of Soils with the Miami stony 

 loam and Alton stony loam. This is kept as a distinct type. The smallness of the 



