3 20 



BULLETIN 226. 



of surface water that drains are needed. Fig. 68 shows a 35-acre orchard, 

 in the center of which are several acres that have been drowned out. This 

 orchard is on a high hill and has a fair slope, but it needs drainage. There 

 is usually a strip of poorly drained land on. each side of the "ridge". 

 Kettle-holes occur occasionally in the north part of the county. In a few 

 orchards near the lake shore there are successions of parallel waves of land, 

 making a few rods of good soil followed by some that needs drainage. 



In the northeast 

 part of the county 

 several orchards were 

 examined the foliage 

 of which was of a red- 

 dish hue when viewed 

 from a distance. 

 Some of the leaves 

 were quite red in the 

 latter part of August. 

 This seemed to be 

 due to the lack of 

 drainage. It was 

 characteristic of foli- 

 age in und rained 

 places. Several farm- 

 ers attributed this to 

 a " new insect " that 

 had " stung the 

 leaves ". 



The Ontario grav- 

 elly loam and the 

 Miami fine sand drain 

 too easily that is, 



FIG. 69. An excavation showing stratified Ontario 

 gravelly loam. Too well drained! 



they do not retain enough water. On such soils tillage is particularly 

 profitable. A cover-crop or barnyard manure is a necessity. They add 

 humus and increase the water-holding capacity of the soil. Tillage and 

 humus will make any of these soils good for apples. (See Fig. 69.) 



Losses caused by lack of drainage. Of the 1,773^2 acres of orchard 

 land in Walworth, only 182 acres have any kind of underdrainage. Most 

 of these have only a stone drain or two in a particularly wet place. A 



