AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF WAYNE COUNTY, NEW YORK. 359 



orchard receives is far more important than the kind of soil. This 

 treatment must vary to some extent with the type of soil. A good 

 apple soil in Wayne county may be said to be one that is well drained 

 and deep. 



Site and aspect. The elevation above the surrounding country does not 

 have a marked effect on the yield. 



The easterly slopes give considerably better yields than the westerly, 

 probably owing to the strong west winds. 



Enemies. The most serious enemies of the apple are the scab fungus 

 and the codlin-moth. Both of these can be controlled by spraying. 



The collar rot or King disease is a rot that kills the bark at the sur- 

 face of the ground. It is worst on Kings, attacking nearly all the 

 mature trees. It is also bad on the Spitzenburg and occurs to some 

 extent on all varieties. It is usually worst on poorly drained soil. 

 Little can be done except to treat the wounds as any wound should 

 be treated. But the trouble can be avoided by planting hardy stocks, as 

 the Spy, and top- working to King. If this is done, the trouble furnishes 

 no reason whatever for abandoning the King apple. 



Canker is a disease attacking the limbs. It is doing considerable 

 damage in one-fifth of the orchards of the county. If the trees had 

 been well cared for, it would seldom have secured a foothold, except 

 in the Twenty Ounce. It can be overcome, except in extreme cases, 

 by pruning out the diseased limbs, spraying the limbs with Bordeaux 

 mixture, and, most important of all, putting the trees in a healthy 

 growing condition. 



Evaporating apples. Wayne county is the home of the apple-evap- 

 orating industry. The proportion of the crop that is evaporated varies 

 from year to year, but averages about seventy-five per cent. Some 

 growers pick the best apples to barrel, others shake off the entire crop 

 for evaporating. In 1902 the entire crop was thus shaken from the trees 

 in 45 per cent of the orchard area. A much greater profit would usually 

 be made if the orchard were so managed as to produce a really No. I 

 apple, and if more of these were then sold in barrels. 



Yields. The average yields per acre for mature orchards have been: 

 1900, 252 bushels; 1901, 34 bushels; 1902, 222 bushels. 



Income per acre. The gross average incomes per acre from mature 

 trees have been: 1900, $37.80; 1901, $14.28; 1902, $48.18. 



