AN APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF ORLEANS COUNTY, NEW YORK. 485 



are considerable areas of swamp land. The south one-third has few 

 orchards, largely because of the poor drainage. In all parts of the county 

 drainage is the great soil problem. My impression is that one-third of 

 the land should be underdrained. 



There are no such marked elevations or steep slopes as in Wayne 

 county ; consequently, the question of the direction of the slope is of less 

 importance. The most essential factor is good drainage. 



FIG. 166. Sutton Beauty. Resembles highly colored Baldwin. A fairly 

 early and regular bearer. 



SOILS. 



The soil types. There are four types of soil on which apples are com- 

 monly grown: the Miami fine sand, Dunkirk clay, Miami stony loam, 

 and Miami fine sandy loam.* Small areas of several other types of soil 

 are devoted to apples. In general, the soils are quite free from stones ; 

 but there are areas both north and south of the ridge that are quite stony. 



Miami fine sand. This is a light brown or brownish-yellow fine sandy 

 loam, underlain by a light yellow fine sand. It is generally free from 

 stones, has a good natural drainage and is easily tilled. It occurs in all 

 parts of the county, but is commonest south of the ridge and about half 

 way between the ridge and the lake. 



* For soil analyses and further description of these types, see Bulletin 226. 



