APPLE ORCHARD SURVEY OF NIAGARA COUNTY. 309 



paste. Stir the solution while it is cooking. When the lime has slaked, 

 add another third of hot water. Boil for fifty minutes, then strain 

 the wash into the spray tank, and finally add the last third of waiter. 

 The last addition of water may be hot or cold, preferably hot. 



The kind of apparatus employed in cooking is immaterial, but it 

 should be suitable, convenient and economical. The time of application 

 of this spray is important. Lime and sulfur washes may be applied in 

 the fall as soon as the trees have become dormant, and after the leaves 

 have fallen. Experiments in different parts of the country indicate, 

 however, that the best results follow application in spring just before the 

 growth of the tree begins. It is a fungicide as well as an insect-killer. 

 More recent experience has demonstrated that lime-sulfur in self-boiled 

 form and in the manufactured proprietory mixture may be used satis- 

 factorily as a summer spray when properly diluted. In the case of ,the 

 concentrated manufactured mixture it should test 32 degrees by the 

 Beaume hydrometer and then be diluted by adding 30 parts of water to 

 I part of concentrate. 



Controlling codling moth. A study of Table XI shows that the cod- 

 ling moth was found to be causing slight injury in 82 orchards com- 

 prising 936 acres, considerable injury in 266 orchards covering 2,086 

 acres, and serious injury in 72 orchards embracing 648 acres. This 

 means that this insect is far too numerous and injurious for successful 

 fruit-growing. The approved methods of controlling the codling moth 

 may be classed under five headings. 



i. Spraying. Observations throughout the county tend to show that 

 more attention must be given to the time and manner of spraying. 

 Two sprayings when properly done are sufficient for the codling moth. 



(a) Immediately after the blossoms fall. 



(b) Eight to twelve days after the second spraying. 



The first application is very important. If the insecticide is thoroughly 

 driven into the calyx cup at this time greater destruction of the larvae 

 is insured. 



Some fruit growers have followed these directions explicitly, and 

 yet suffer from this pest. This leads naturally to the second feature 

 of spraying, namely, the manner of application. It is a well-established 

 fact that nearly three-fourths of the codling worms enter the apple 

 through the calyx. It is therefore of utmost importance that the calyx 

 cavity be well filled with poison so that the first meal of the young 

 worm shall be his last. In order to fill the calyx cavity, the spray should 

 be applied from four sides of each tree. This may be done by placing the 

 spray wagon in. the open space between four trees and turning the hose 



