26 THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 



are Russian and which German, Polish or Swedish apples, 1 Professor 

 Craig discusses the characteristic types of these fruits. He recognizes 

 the Red Astrachan as a type of a small group of Russian apples. Besides 

 this and the Anis type which he supposes is derived from it, " having 

 trees upright, spreading or vase-shaped; leaves medium, veins reddish;" 

 he cites four other types. 



1. Hibernal type: trees vigorous growers, with open spreading tops and 

 very large leathery leaves. 



2. Oldenburg type: moderate growers, with round-topped heads; leaves 

 of medium size. 



3. Longfield type: slow growers; branches horizontal or pendulous; 

 leaves whitish and woolly underneath. 



4. Transparent and Tetofsky type: trees pyramidal; bark yellow with 

 numerous spurs; leaves large, light green. 



J On the pomological use of the" term "Russian apple," see also W. A. Taylor's views as 

 published by Waugh, Vt. Expt. Sta. Bui. 61, 1897: 24. 



