THE APPLES OF NEW YORK. 379 



Pcrcmenes (n). Permaine (13)- Permein (13). Platarchium (13). .Stm?* 

 Scarlet Pear main (15). Winter Pearmain (2, 6, of Ray 13). 



Several different varieties have been known under the name Winter Pear- 

 main both in Europe and in this country. The references given above do not 

 all refer to the same variety and in some cases it is impossible to determine 

 which Winter Pearmain the writer has in mind. 



In 1822 Thacher (2) gave the following account of the Winter Pearmain 

 of the old Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. "The winter pearmain is 

 among the first cultivated apples by the fathers of the old Plymouth colony, 

 and is, undoubtedly, of English descent. Many trees of this kind are now 

 supposed to be more than one hundred years old, and grafted trees from them 

 produce the genuine fruit in great perfection. The tree is tall and upright, 

 forming a handsome regular top: it is hardy, and will flourish in a light soil. 

 It is not an early bearer, but when attained to about twelve years, from having 

 been grafted, it produces more abundantly and uniformly than any other kind 

 within our knowledge. The fruit is scarcely excelled as a table apple or for 

 cookery; and the cider, made from it, is said to be inferior to none. The 

 apple is of a moderate size ; fair and smooth ; of a reddish colour ; interspersed 

 with green and yellow; the flesh a rich yellow; the flavour slightly aromatick, 

 and agreeable. There are two or three varieties of this apple, but rather of 

 an inferiour quality." 



The following is the description given by Floy-Lindley (5) of the Winter 

 Pearmain mentioned by Ray in 1688: "fruit medium, regular, tapering to the 

 crown, grass-green with a little red on the sunny side ; in season from Novem- 

 ber to March." Downing (11) remarks that the tree of this variety is a free 

 and healthy grower and productive. This is the Pearmain d'Hiver of Leroy 

 (13), the English Winter Pearmain of Mas (9), the Winter Pearmain or Old 

 Pearmain of Downing (n) and the Pearmain or Old Pearmain of Hogg (14). 

 Hogg (14) states that this is the oldest English apple on record and that its 

 cultivation in Norfolk can be traced back to the year 1200. He says that the 

 Winter Pearmain of the London market is a different apple (15). 



An apple is grown in the Middle West under the name of Winter Pearmain 

 which is of medium size, oblate inclined to conic, yellowish, shaded and striped 

 with light and dark red, subacid, good; in season from November to Feb- 

 ruary (n). 



There is a Winter Pearmain of Pennsylvania which is below medium, 

 oblate to roundish oblate, yellow splashed and shaded with brownish-red, mild 

 subacid, good; in season from January to May (n). 



WINTER ST. LAWRENCE. 



REFERENCES, i. Shepherd, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1885:17. fig. 2. Ib., 

 1886-87:9, 99. 3. Can. Horf., n 7, 145. 1888. col. pi. and fig. 4. Woolverton, 

 Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1889:155. 5. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 48:88. 1889. 6. 

 Burnet, Can. Hort., 12:337. 1889. 7. Budd, Ib., 13:24. 1890. 8. Hoskins, 

 Amcr. Card., 15:288. 1894. 9. Craig, Can. Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1896:135. figs. 

 10. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bui. ,61:32. 1897. n. Can. Hort., 25:49. 1902. 12. Budd- 

 Hansen, 1903:206. 



SYNONYMS. Monk's Codling (9). Rambour Barre (9). 



