PROGRESS IN CULTURE 5 



and notable progress, and the dominating cultivators of this 

 period were Thomas Rivers of Sawbridge worth, J. R. Pearson 

 of Chilwell, R. Smith of Worcester, Thomas Bunyard of 

 Maidstone, and H . Lane of Berkhampstead. R. D. Blackmore 

 at Teddington, and Dr. Lindley and Robert Thompson at 

 the Chiswick Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, 

 were introducing new varieties from the Continent ; Thomp- 

 son got together a large collection, many of which proved 

 but second-rate in our climate. A valuable book on fruit 

 was issued by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1853, and 

 this was the standard authority for some time. Dr. Hogg 

 brought out his Fruit Manual in 1845, and the third 

 edition, published in 1866, was a book of 414 pages. From 

 that date the culture of fruit for market sale, as distinguished 

 from that grown for home consumption and cider, became 

 a serious business. Meanwhile, Mr. Thomas Rivers and 

 Mr. J. R. Pearson introduced from France the practice of 

 cultivating Apples on the Paradise stock and Pears upon 

 the Quince stock, and the cordon system of culture began 

 to be practised in gardens, together with the growth ol 

 pot fruit-trees in orchard houses with but little or no 

 artificial heat. 



Mr. Rivers' treatises on the management of orchard- 

 house trees and the cultivation of pyramidal and bush trees 

 in gardens gave the knowledge required for a stimulus 

 to the fruit industry. The old saying " Plant Pears for 

 your heirs " became inappropriate, as trees on the Quince 

 stock began to bear in two or three years, and Apples 

 on the Paradise stock were equally precocious. These 

 " fancy " trees became very popular, but they did not oust 

 the old-fashioned and profitable espalier trees. Better than 



