MOTOR IMPRESSIONS 167 



and an animal may now treat its own body as a novel 

 object and learn all about it. In the second place (as a 

 result of the altered poise of the head, etc.) the eyes may 

 also examine almost all of the body, and the animal then 

 has a picture of its own external anatomy a picture 

 more perfect for some parts than for others. These two 

 factors are correlated by the simultaneous observations 

 of hand and eye, just as are the impressions gained by 

 the examination of any object such as a nut or a grass- 

 hopper. The meaning of this may perhaps be made more 

 clear by taking examples. Some animals must of neces- 

 sity possess an extremely limited knowledge of their 

 own bodies. A tapir, for example, can see but little of 

 its body, and can examine with its tactile nose only a very 

 limited portion of it. An elephant would know next to 

 nothing of its general form were it not enabled to gather 

 touch impressions of those parts of its body accessible 

 to its trunk. A horse can reach and touch a limited 

 area with its nose, and can gather impressions in this 

 way, and supplement these impressions by those gathered 

 by its eyes. A dog can touch with its nose a wide area 

 of its body, and can bring a great deal of it under the 

 observation of its eyes. A very great advance is seen 

 in any arboreal animal which possesses an emancipated 

 fore-limb and a mobile head ; there is little that a monkey 

 does not know about its own external anatomy. 



An arboreal animal gains a precise knowledge of its 

 own body; it can realize its form, and it has, to a certain 

 extent, a working idea of the alterations in its form which 

 are the outcomes of the movements of its several parts. 



I imagine that it is mostly in this way that the whole of 

 the body gains cortical representation in the neopallium 

 in ordered sequence, from nose to perineum. The cortical 

 area in which this representation is localized is, as we 

 should expect, an extension of the tactile nose and hand 

 area in the developing neopallium. Some difficulty has 

 'always been felt in defining the qualities represented in 



