HIGHER FUNCTIONS: ANATOMICAL BASIS 193 



possible to imagine that an area which is an association 

 or extension area of this field, in which an animal'* 

 actual pictured movements are stored and sorted, might 

 be connected with a further elaboration in the form of 

 an idealization of pictured movements. From a con- 

 ception of a concrete movement performed under actual 

 circumstances, it may be that passage is made to the 

 idealization of a possible movement performed under 

 hypothetical circumstances, and that this latter process 

 takes place in the silent prefrontal area. Probably the 

 first occupation of this new area is effected by memories 

 of pictured movements, and the sorting of experiences 

 gained by this source. From calling up pictures of past 

 associations of pictured movements, there is perhaps 

 a step towards constructing conceptions of future move- 

 ments evoked by pictured hypothetical circumstances. 

 The picturing of action in hypothetical circumstances 

 seems to me to be almost synonymous with such a concept 

 as conduct. Conduct can only be pictured in terms of 

 action. We may say that in the gaining of this prefrontal 

 neopallial area the animal passes from a state in which 

 it has a conception of its present and actual movements 

 to a state in which it has memories of past movements 

 and pictured concepts of possible future movements. 

 The animal without a neopallial kinsesthetic area performs 

 all its actions in the absence of any pictured consciousness 

 of the action. An animal with a kinsesthetic area per- 

 forms actions of which it has a definite mental pictured 

 conception. It knows what it is doing. 



An animal with a developing prefrontal association 

 area has, in addition, memories of its past actions. It 

 knows what it is doing, and it remembers what it has done. 

 An animal with an elaborated prefrontal area has, in 

 addition, the faculty for building up pictures of possible 

 future actions. It knows what it is doing, it remembers 

 what it has done, and it can estimate what it might do. 

 We may translate this into the phraseology usual in the 



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