Relapsing Fever 495 



for which Novy* has proposed the name Spirochaeta duttoni in 

 memory of Button, who lost his life while studying it. In 1905 

 Kochf while working in Africa discovered a spirochaeta that he re- 

 garded as identical with that already described by Ross and Milne 

 and Button and Todd. Later studies of the organism convinced 

 C. Frankel J that it was a separate species. For it Novy later sug- 

 gested the name Spirochaeta kochi. In 1906 Norris, Pappenheimer 

 and Flournoy found a spirochaeta in the blood of a patient suffering 

 from relapsing fever in New York. This having been extensively 

 studied by Novy, has since been called Spirochaeta novyi. 



With the work of Schaudinn and his associate, Hoffmann, || 

 the spirochaeta came to be regarded as protozoan parasites because 

 of the presence of an undulating membrane; the refusal of most of 

 the organisms to grow upon artificial media, the role of an inter- 

 mediate host (ticks, etc.) in transmitting them, and the longitudinal 

 mode of division. 



Fevers characterized by relapses and by the presence of spiro- 



Fig. 198. Spirochseta obermeieri from human blood (Kolle and Wassermann) . 



chaeta in the blood have been found in northern and northeastern 

 Europe (true relapsing fever with Spirochaeta obermeieri), in various 

 parts of equatorial Africa (African relapsing fever with Spirochaeta 

 duttoni) ; in North Africa (Spirochaeta berbera) ; in Bombay and in 

 other parts of India (Spirochaeta carteri); in Persia (Spirochaeta 

 persica) ; and in America (Spirochaeta novyi). The question, there- 

 fore, arises whether these similar diseases are slight modifications 



*"Jour. Infectious Diseases," 1906, in, p. 295. 



f'Deutsche med. Wochenschrift," 1905, xxxi, p. 1865; "Berliner klinische 

 Wochenschrift," 1906, XLIII, 185. 



t "Med.klin.," 1907,111,928; "Miinchener med. Wochenschrift," 1907, LIV, 201. 



"Jour. Infectious Diseases," 1906, m, 266. 



|| "Deutsche med. Wochenschrift," Oct., 1905, xxxi, p. 1665; "Arbeiten aus 

 dem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte," 1904, xx, pp. 387439. 



