Diagnosis 731 



treponemata, was infective for other monkeys. When monkeys 

 successfully inoculated with yaws are afterward infected with syph- 

 ilitic virus they are not immune. On the other hand, monkeys that 

 have successfully been inoculated with syphilis are not immune 

 against yaws. Levaditi and Nattan-Larrier* differ from Castellani 

 in this particular, and found that monkeys infected with syphilis 

 are refractory to yaws. Castellani was able, by means of com- 

 plement-fixation tests, to detect different specific antibodies for 

 syphilis and yaws. Halberstadterj has successfully infected 

 orang-outangs. 



There is no doubt but that in their clinical manifestations and 

 in their etiology frambesia and syphilis are closely related. 



Diagnosis. In addition to the clinical manifestations which are 

 usually quite sufficient for diagnosis, the discovery of the Treponema 

 pertenue is of assistance. It can usually be found without difficulty 

 by expressing the serum from a lesion and staining it by any of the 

 methods recommended for Treponema pallidum, the India-ink 

 method being the most simple. 



The Wassermann reaction is always positive in yaws, hence is of 

 no use for purposes of differential diagnosis. 



* "Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur," 1908, xxn, 260. 



t "Arbeiten a. d. Kaiserl. Gesund.," 1907, xxvi, 48. 



