Man's Place in Nature 207 



"shame for evil done," remorse for injury in- 

 flicted, "pleasure in good as such," are unique 

 in man, with only dim analogues in the beast, and 

 hardly recognizable buds in the young child. 



The two opposed errors which we have to avoid 

 are, too absolute separation, and too complete 

 identification. In regard to the first it is obvious 

 that we cannot prove that any given emotion in the 

 dog is closely akin to one in man; there is no se- 

 cretion to be analyzed, and the expressions in 

 gesture and physiognomy, though very valuable 

 indices of what is passing within, afford insuffi- 

 cient basis for identification. Notwithstanding, 

 our faith in the unity of nature leads us to suppose 

 two apparently similar emotions in man and beast 

 to be in general nature alike except where there is 

 good reason to believe them different, e. g., when 

 the human form of the feeling in question has ob- 

 viously been influenced by general ideas. It is 

 easy to see some difference between the jealousy 

 of a stag and the jealousy of a man; but it is equally 

 easy to see differences between the jealousy of two 

 men. One man's jealousy is comforted by a 50 

 note, another's is cruel as the grave. 



On the other hand, we have to avoid the error 

 of hasty identification. By experience, definitized 

 in some sort of social convention, rooks recognize 

 the eighth commandment in the rookery; perhaps 

 men began to recognize it in a similar way. But 



