244 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF. ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



1736. RILEY, C. V. Continued. 



8. NUMBER OF ANNUAL GENERATIONS 21 



Prevailing general belief erroneous, 21 Early generations often 

 overlooked, 22 Also often exterminated by natural enemies, 

 22 Jk least seven annual generations in southern portion of 

 belt, and probably more, 22. 



9. MIGRATIONS AND POWER OF FLIGHT OF THE MOTH 21 



The inoth has great power of wing, 23 It flies many hundreds 

 of miles north of cotton belt, 23 Appearance of the worm on 

 cotton first planted great distances from any other cotton thus 

 accounted for, 23 Migrating habit developed only in later 

 months when they become numerous, 24. 

 10. HIBERNATION 24 



Different opinions and beliefs, 24 Difficulty surrounding the 

 question, 24 Erroneous conclusions easily drawn, 25 Fallacy 

 of the belief that the chrysalis winters underground, 25-26 

 Ability of the moth to survive the winter, 26 Other moths 

 easily mistaken for it, 27 Theory of annual introduction of 

 the species from some exotic country, 28 Arguments for and 

 against the theory, 29, 3D Hibernation of the moth, in the 

 southern portion of the belt substantiated, 30 But a very 

 small proportion of those which abound in the fall live to per- 

 petuate their kind the next spring, 31 Localities where the 

 moth hibernates, 31. 



11. NATURAL ENEMIES... 31 



Vertebrates '. "33 



Quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles that feed upon the worm, 32 

 Introduction of English sparrow, 33. 



Invertebrates 33 



Predaceous insects 33 



Wasps, ants, and other Hymenoptera, 34 The good work of 

 ants, 34 How they are drawn to a cotton-field by the aphides, 

 34 Beetles which prey upon the worm and others which pre- 

 sumably do so, 35 Enemies among 'the half-winged bugs or 

 Heteroptera, 36 Among two-winged flies or Diptera, 36 

 Among nerve-winged insects or Neuroptera, 37. 



Parasites 38 



Previous belief that none preyed on Aletia, 38 Infesting the 

 egg, 38 Infesting and issuing from the worm, 39 Flesh flies 

 and Tachina flies, differences between' them, 40-42 Issuing 

 from the chrysalis, 42 A parasite known but not named in 

 1852 Ten distinct parasites infesting Aletia, and two other 

 undetermined species, 47. 



12. REMEDIES : MEANS OF COPING WITH THE INSECT 47 



Favorable showing as to what has been accomplished in the 

 South since the war, 48. 



Prevention 48 



Modes of cultivation, 48 Topping, 48 Use of early varieties, 

 48 Isolating fields, 48 Diversified agriculture, 49 Rotation 

 of crops, 49 Protection of natural enemies, 49 Early vs. late 

 planting, 49 Interspersing corn with cotton, 49 Jute, 49. 



Mechanical means of killing the worms 49 



Simple methods of brushing and dragging, 50. 

 Machines for brushing oft' the worms 50 



