270 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



1959. [KiLEY, C. V.] Continued. 

 CHAPTER III : By C. Thomas. 

 Facts concerning and laws governing the migrations of locusts in all 



countries 31 



Most species of Acrididw not migratory, 31 Migratory disposition 

 not caused by anatomical differences, 31-32 Writers on locust 

 flights, 32-33 Earliest accounts of locust flights in Europe, 33- 

 34 Locust flights in Europe in the middle ages, 34-37; in the 

 seventeenth century, 37-38 The locust invasion of 1693 in En- 

 rope, 38-39 Locust flights in Europe in the eighteenth and 

 nineteenth centuries, 40-41 Locusts in Asia and adjacent 

 islands, 11; in Cyprus, 42; in Arabia and Syria, 43-44; in Per- 

 sia, 44; in the Steppes, 45; in China, 46; in Manila, 46; in 

 India, 46-47; in Australia, 47; in New Zealand, 47 Locust 

 flights in Africa, 48 ; in northern Africa, 48-49 ; in Egypt, 49 

 in Algiers, 50-51 ; in Abyssinia, 51 ; in central Africa, 51 ; in 

 eastern Africa and the Canary Islands, 52-53 Locusts in South 

 America, 53-54 Prevalence of locusts in deserts and dry regions, 

 54-55 Locust flights not governed by laws of periodicity, 55- 

 56 Permanent breeding grounds of locusts, 56-57 Their geo- 

 graphical distribution, 58 Caloptenus spretus not in Mexico, 58 

 Migratory locusts in Yucatan and the "West Indies, 58-59 In 

 Nicaragua, 59 Geographical limits of Caloptenus spretus, 59; of 

 Pachytylus migratorius, 59-60 Difficulty of determining species, 

 60-61 Definition of permanent home of migratory locusts, 152 

 Range of Pachytylus migratorius, 62-63 ; of Acridium peregrinum, 

 63-64 Comparison with the laws of geographical zoology, 65- 

 66 Meeting point of three sub-regions, 67 Each species has its 

 permanent breeding ground, 68 General character of the per- 

 manent breeding gronnds, 68-69 Breeding ground of Caloptenus 

 italicus,69; of Pachytylus migratorius, 69-70; of Acridium pere- 

 grinum, 70 ; of Caloptenus spretus, 70-71. 

 CHAPTER IV : By C. Thomas. 



Habits and characteristics of locusts in all countries within their 

 areas of permanent distribution, so far as these relate to their 



movements 72 



Caloptenus spretus always migratory, 72-73 Flights of C. spretus, 

 73-74 Invading swarms come from northwest, 74-75 Other 

 opinions eliminated, 75-76 Swarms in 1875 and 1876, 76-77 Di- 

 rection of returning swarms of C. spretus, 78 ; of other migratory 

 locusts, 78-79 Direction of local flights, 79-81 Returning 

 swarms do little injury, 81-82 Distance to which swarms may 

 migrate, 82-84 Length of a single flight, 84-85 Swarms able to 

 cross large bodies of water, 85-86 Swarms carried far by winds, 

 86-87 The mode of flight, 87 Position of the locust while fly- 

 ing, 87-88 Locusts flying with the wind, 88-89 Method of fall- 

 ing of swarms, 89 Formation of swarms, 89-91 Movements of 

 swarms of C. spretus, as reported by Dr. Child, 91-93 Other re- 

 ports, 94 Movements of swarms in other countries, 95-96 

 Swarms usually alight at night, 96-97 The height at which 

 swarms move, 98-100 Different directions of swarrns at the same 

 time and place, 100 Fall of locusts into the sea, 100-102 Great 

 flying power of locusts, 102 General causes of migration, 103 

 Excessive numbers, 103-104 Want of food, 104 Excessive heat, 



