S Y L V I C U L T U R E. 



c. The usual classification, adopted by German foresters after 

 Krafft is: 



1. Predominating trees, having crown strikingly well developed. 



2. Dominating trees, with well-developed crowns, forming the 

 main cover overhead. 



3. Condominating trees, with crowns of a fairly normal form, 

 but of somewhat poor vigor, carrying, however, their crowns within 

 the level of the main canopy. 



4. Dominated trees with crowns more or less crippled or pressed 

 from the sides, subdivided into two sub-classes, viz.: 



a. Most of crown free from cover overhead. 



b. Most of crown underneath cover overhead. 



5. Trees absolutely suppressed, standing entirely under the cover 

 of others. 



G. Even-aged woods: 



Woods, the components of which differ in age by less than 25 

 years, are called " even-aged woods." 



In America, even-aged woods and hence the advisability of thin- 

 ning is mighty rare. The struggle for existence between even-aged 

 comrades can readily be alleviated by the forester's interference. 



In America, even-aged woods are formed, for instance: 



I. By Long Leaf and by Cuban Pine. 



II. By Jack Pine and Lodgepole Pine. 

 IH. By Bald Cypress. 



IV. By Douglas Fir. 



V. By Pinus echinata, taeda, strobus. ponderosa, virginiana on 

 abandoned fields. 



H. Distribution of species. 



The horizontal distribution of species depends on the latitude 

 and the proximity of the ocean, or better on sea winds, and pro- 

 ceeds parallel with the vertical distribution. In the neighborhood 

 of Biltmore, the following altitudes may be given: 



Spruce and Fir 5,500 ft. 



Beech 2,000 to 6,000 ft. 



Hemlock 2,000 to 3,800 ft. 



Chestnut 2,000 to 5,000 ft. 



Chestnut Oak 2,000 to 4,000 ft. 



Pignut Hickory 3,000 ft. 



Bitternut Hickory 3,800 ft. 



Black Cherry 3,500 to 5,000 ft. 



Pinus virginiana 2,000 to 2,500 ft. 



Pinus strobus 2,000 to 3,500 ft. 



