SYLVICULTURE. 



Birch is sensitive to deep planting; is not affected by heat, frost 

 or drought. 



Ash: The easiest species among hardwoods to raise, plant and 

 transplant. Planted as a seedling one year old or transplanted up 

 to three times. Plants as old as eight years can be planted suc- 

 cessfully without balls. Seed is placed in rills seven to tAvelve 

 inches apart. Where soil 'is very weedy, large and strong trans- 

 plants must be used. Planting in holes, on mounds or in furroAvs. 

 The cleft spade is also permissible in planting yearlings. Trimming 

 is not advisable, except to prevent formation of forks. Transplant- 

 ing of germs, in June, is quite successful. 



Elm: Seeds to be planted in summer (excepting Slippery 

 Elms), just after ripening, in rich nurseries, and to receive very 

 light cover of sand. Seed beds must be sprinkled, and the forma- 

 tion of a crust must be prevented. Seedlings cannot penetrate 

 a layer of one-half an inch of dirt. Usually, transplants three to 

 five years old are used. Fall planting is preferred. Elms stand 

 trimming easily. 



Maple: Drills three-fourth inches deep, one inch wide, twelve 

 inches apart. Transplanting takes place when seedlings are one 

 or two years old. Seedlings grow rapidly. Fall planting is pre- 

 ferable. Planting in large holes is best, since Maple cannot form 

 a compact root system. Sugar Maple planted at Biltmore on 

 abandoned fields four years old did very well on North Slopes, 

 in pure stands as well as mixed with White Pine. Maple is 

 easily transplanted, and even yearlings or two year olds might 

 be planted in the open on good soil. In swamps, Red and 

 Soft Maple are preferable. Sugar Maple requires well drained 

 soil. 



Yellow Poplar: Very poor seeds, hence broadcast planting. Cov- 

 ering with spent sawdust, instead of dirt, seems advisable. Seed- 

 lings transplanted either as germs in first summer or when one 

 year old. Very rapid growth in first and second year. Easily 

 transplanted in holes on suitable soil. Seedlings can be taken in 

 June and July from wood roads to the nurseries, with balls of 

 dirt. Abandoned fields at Biltmore, planted with four year olds 

 did poorly except in northern depressions. Strong soil needed. 

 Compact soil not unfavorable. 



Catalpa: The favorite Kansas prairie tree. Very high germinat- 

 ing percentage. Very fast growth in first year. Rills one inch 

 by one inch by twelve inches. Seedling plants one year old are 

 strong enough for planting. Stump plants are preferable. At 

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