SYLVICULTURE. 



do not form a distinct age-class by themselves, we merely meet a 

 selection form. 



Standards in primeval woods are frequent enough to call for 

 the singling out of a fourth form, namely: 



d. A standard form, which 'might be again subdivided into: 



A form of standards over groups; 



A form of standards over compartments. 



A variety of the latter subform found in the Chaparal thickets 

 of California and in the Calmia thickets of North Carolina might 

 be termed " form of standards over paucivendible compartments." 



The two-storied high forest is often formed by two or more 

 distinct species appearing in distinct forms. It had better be con- 

 sidered as a combination of forms, one form being grafted upon 

 another (f. i., multivendible compartments of Douglas Fir grafted 

 upon the paucivendible selection form of Hemlock) ; or one form 

 being wedded with another (f. i., multivendible group form of 

 Long-leaf Pine wedded with paucivendible compartments of Black 

 Jack Oak). 



The term "two-storied high forest" properly applies only to 

 a permanent combination of two tiers of trees (representing one 

 or more species), each tier emanating from regeneration of the 

 compartment type of n. s. r. It is a compartment form wedded 

 with a compartment form. 



III. Treatment of primeval forests: 



The only treatment required is of a protective, not of a sylvi- 

 cultural character. 



As long as the forest retains its primeval display, unhampered 

 by human interference, the regeneration of the primeval selection 

 form is of the cleared, shelterwood or advance growth selection type; 

 the regeneration of the primeval group form is of the cleared or 

 advance growth group type; and the regeneration of the primeval 

 compartment form is usually of the cleared compartment type. 



Obviously, with the beginning of logging operations the 

 " primeval forms " are gradually, piece by piece, changed into 

 " culled forms," the display of which largely depends on vendi-' 

 bility and on fires. 



Rarely only the primeval forest enters at once or directly into 

 a cultured form (Pisgah Forest of the Biltmore Estate; Ne-ha-sa-ne 

 park; government forests in Galizia) without passing through the 

 stage of " culled form/ y In the large majority of cases, the primeval 

 woods pass through " culled forms " into " cultured forms," in the 

 course of generations of men and of trees. 

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