SYLVICULTURE. 



Where the deficiency of the growing stock leads to the adoption 

 of short rotations, standard forms, two-storied forms, underplanted 

 forms or coppice-under-standard forms must be resorted to. In the 

 latter case, of course, the high forest form is thrown overboard. 



Paragraph LXVII. High Forest by Species. 



A. Oaks: The Oaks rarely appear in pure stands. 



I. Primeval woods. The primeval high forest exhibits the Oak: 



a. As the lower story planted in groups or compartments under- 

 neath an upper story of Long-leaf Pine, Loblolly Pine, Short-leaf 

 Pine; 



b. In small pure groups sprinkled amongst the Bald Cypress 

 and Red Gum of the southern hummocks; 



c. In the selection form grafted upon compartments of high 

 forest of other hardwoods, notably of Chestnut, Hickory, Gum 

 (Ten.) ; or grafted on compartments of Kalmia, Rhododendron, 

 Chinquapin (N. C.). 



d. In pure even-aged groups (prairie borders). 



e. In selection forests mixed with many other hardwoods also 

 in selection form. 



II. Culled high forests: The culled forest of. oak is usually 

 axe-culled as well as fire-culled, thus partly losing its character 

 as a high forest. 



The n. s. r. of White Oak, Chestnut Oak and Scarlet Oak at 

 Biltmore proceeds selectionwise or in compartments, notably so on 

 Indian fields in the Pink-beds; underneath Chestnut, Maples, and 

 Oaks on Poplar hill; mixed with Hickory on the lower west slope 

 of Averj-s creek and so on. 



The Oaks endure shade well for a long number of years, trail- 

 ing on the ground until freed from superstructure. Coccinea three 

 years old is only' five inches high, being clipped back continuously 

 by insufficient lignification of its top- shoots. 



Even-aged polewoods of Oak are foimd all over the Blue Ridge 

 and the Piedmont Plateau. Examination will usually prove them 

 to be fire-culled coppice formed by the fire-killed, younger age classes 

 of primeval woods (seedlings, saplings and small poles). 



III. Cultured high forests. 



The cultured high forest at Biltmore is still in statu nascendi, 

 in the plantations on abandoned fields as well as in the n. s. r.'s 

 of comp. 102 (compartment type), the slopes of Ducker Mountain, 

 etc. The growth of the Oaks during early youth is very slow. The 

 soil is usually so badly hardened as to require artificial help to 

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