SYLVICULTURE. 



n. s. r. Oak seedlings and saplings are rare in Pisgah Forest 

 (excepting 3-year-old Scarlet Oaks). 



The Oaks mingle with the Short-leaf Pine everywhere as an 

 undergrowth started by n. s. r., or as a companion-growth in Pine 

 polewoods. Here too, however, the fires have usually converted 

 seedlings and saplings into stoolshoots. 



In the S. E., regeneration under shelterwood or in advance of 

 logging (by the group type or by the compartment type) seems 

 advisable. In the mixture with the Oaks should be encouraged: 

 Maples, Black Gums, Pines (White Pine grows and retains its 

 branches for a long time in the mixture), Chestnut, Hickory, Walnut. 



Record of seed years at Biltmore: 



White Oak: good in 1899. 



Post Oak: in 1900 the only mast-bearing oak. 



Black Oak: splendid, full mast year in 1901 in all situations. 



Spanish Oak: splendid, full mast year in 1901. 



Chestnut Oak: promises well in 1904. 



B. Chestnuts: 



I. Primeval forests: 



Actually primeval forests of Chestnut seem very rare. The 

 Chestnut woods of the Appalachians have been ransacked by fires 

 for many decades of years. The n. s. r. seems to have been of 

 the selection type. Chestnut seems to avoid limestone-soil and 

 ceases to occur where limestone appears (Ky; Ten.). 



II. Culled high forests: 



The fire-culled forest shows an absolute lack of seedlings, sap- 

 lings and. poles. 



The axe-culled forest consists merely of coppice. 



Trees beset with dead branches are invariably wormy 

 (Lymexylon). 



,Seed years seem to be getting scarce, possibly under the influ- 

 ence of fires, to judge from the reports of mountaineers. The old 

 trees are frequently stagheaded and fail to successfully regenerate 

 their kind. 



Seedlings one year old are about eight inches high, when found 

 in the woods. They appear individually scattering and not in 

 groups. 



III. Cultured high forests: 



The cultured forest usually has the form of coppice or coppice- 

 under- standards. Plantations in the United States are made more 

 for fruit-growing than for timber-growing. The abandoned fields 

 at Biltmore seem too dry for successful development. Chestnuts 



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