SYLVICULTURE. 



planted as an undergrowth below Oak and Pine have done poorly, 

 owing to the ravages of squirrels. 



The poles and trees seem to badly resent any sudden inter- 

 ference with the leaf canopy and with the humus. 



Thinnings and cuttings in the shelterwood system should be 

 light. 



The competition of stoolshoots invariably formed after cuttings 

 reduces the prospects of seedlings simultaneously obtained. Stool- 

 shoots cannot be entirely prevented by deadening previous to cutting. 



Cnestnut produces a splendid humus and is an excellent com- 

 panion for Oaks, Hickories, Walnut, Black Cherry, Ash and Yellow 

 Poplar; also for White Pine and Hemlock. It regenerates in 

 mixture with Yellow Poplar on small abandoned fields of Pisgah 

 Forest to a limited degree. 



Seed years: Fairly good mast in 1898. 



On the mountain tops, where Chestnut stands in an orchard-like 

 position, seed occurs annually. 



C. Hickories: 



I. Primeval forest: The Hickories appear regenerated in the 

 selection type and in the group type. 



II. Culled high forest: The Hickories suffer badly from fires. 

 Fires do not kill the poles, but cause the butts to burst subject- 

 ing them to decay. Weeding and heavy improvement cuttings are 

 beneficial. 



III. Cultured high forest: 



From the early pole stage on, the crowns should be placed in 

 a free position so as to cause the formation of wide rings. 



At Biltmore, the boles are apt to be very branchy, the tough 

 limbs being very persistent. 



In the mountains, on stronger soil, the boles clear themselves 

 readily. 



The Hickories regenerate by n. s. r. in abandoned fields in 

 mixture with Black Gum, Sassafras, lellow Poplar, Locust, Oaks, 

 etc. 



In the plantations on abandoned fields at Biltmore, Bitternut 

 alone promises to be successful. The other species are badly handi- 

 capped by rodents and seem to be of very slow growth. 



The Hickories seem to be immune from damage by frost in 

 their native country; not so in Germany. 



Seed years are not of record. 



D. Walnuts: 



148 



