SYLVICULTURE. 



I. Primeval forests: 



The Walnuts appear in the primeval woods invariably in mix- 

 ture with other species, on strong soil, seemingly regenerated by 

 the selection type. 



II. Culled high forests: 



The Walnuts seem remarkably fireproof from the early pole 

 stage on. Seed regeneration is rare in the woods, but more fre- 

 quent on old deadenings close to habitations, where the squirrels 

 were held in check. 



III. Cultured high forests: 



Without artificial help, n. s. r. seems very problematic. Under 

 any circumstances, the rodents must be kept off. 



Plantations are frequently found and do very well in early 

 youth, unless the soil is badly hardened and impoverished. The 

 stands should be dense, whether pure or mixed with Oaks etc., 

 so as to produce clean boles. Plantations seem to fail in the 

 close proximity of old trees. 



The plantations at Biltmore have failed invariably in the woods, 

 owing to the ravages of squirrels; toungya on leased farms shows 

 poor success, owing to the unreliability of the lessees; plantations 

 of seedlings three years old failed badly; plantations of yearlings 

 freeze to the ground annually on all slopes; plantations of nuts 

 on small fields have done very well, where the ground was good; 

 and the change from good* to bad, brought about by the undula- 

 tions of the soil, is very marked. Failures on poor soil are now 

 doctored up by a nursegrowth of Yellow Pines, a remedy promis- 

 ing some success. 



E. Beech: 



I. The primeval forest exhibits the compartment, group and 

 selection type of n. s. r. The humus is usually very heavy and so 

 moist that fires have a poor chance to spread. In the South, at 

 lower altitudes,. Beech merely fringes the river banks. 



II. The culled high forest shows many stump sprouts, stumps 

 three feet high forming the sprouts on the top of the stump. 



In the Blue Grass Region, huge park trees are frequently found 

 in a dense undergrowth of seedlings and saplings. Here the 

 more valuable species have been culled out many years ago, and 

 the Beech is left in exclusive possession of the soil. 



III. The cultured high forests of Beech are easily regenerated 

 in the shelterwood-compartment type. The selection type yields 

 branchy boles. Beech is the best companion imaginable for faster- 



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