SYLVICULTURE. 



growing species; is splendidly qualified for an underwood planted 

 beneath aristocratic species; is exacting and sensitive. 



Plantations on abandoned fields are out of the question, except 

 at high altitudes. 



Xo seed years are of record at Biltmore. The trees on the 

 river banks fruit annually. 



F. Basswood: 



i. Primeval forests: 



In the Lake States and in the Alleghanies, Basswood exhibits 

 the form emanating from the selection type of n. s. r., grafted 

 on the compartment type of White Pine, or of Hard Maple, or 

 else mixed with Hard Maple, Elm, Chestnut, Red Oak, Yellow 

 Poplar. 



II. Culled high forests: 



The regeneration follows the selection type; fires clip the seed- 

 lings and saplings; larger poles and trees seem to withstand well. 



III. Cultured high forests: 



Young seedlings develop very slowly; they are less sensitive 

 than their shade-endurance would indicate. Pure forests are found 

 only in Russia. 



Seedlings planted at Biltmore on old fields, of strong quali- 

 ties, have hesitated to develop for six years, growing bushy and 

 crooked; in 1904, they promise good results. 



Linden underplanted below Oaks and Chestnuts after moderate 

 thinning on Xorth slopes seems to answer admirably, forming long 

 and straight, although overhanging topshoots. 



Seedyears in Pisgah Forest occur annually. The majority of 

 the seeds, however, seem to drop immature. 



G. Yellow Poplar: 



I. Primeval forests: 



Yellow Poplar appears invariably in the selection type, or in 

 the form of standards. 



II. Culled high forests: 



The species attempts unceasingly to propagate its kind by 

 n. s. r. The heavier the destruction by the axe, the better are its 

 chances for success. Fires, on the other hand, annihilate the seed- 

 lings and check the chances for regeneration thereafter, owing to a 

 rank growth of weeds following the fires. In Pisgah Forest, seed- 

 lings and saplings were entirely lacking, until fires were stopped. 



The regeneration on old fields, on the other hand, is prolific 

 and easy. Cattle press the seeds into the ground and check the 

 competing weeds. Sassafras, Locust and Pine frequently act as 

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