SYLVICULTURE. 



ushers. The old fields are usually protected from fire by the 

 owners wishing to protect their fences. 



!\o known species prunes itself as readily from branches as 

 Yellow Poplar, the dead branches popping off without leaving any 

 stumps. 



III. Cultured high forests: 



No species at Biltmore is as easily regenerated by n. s. r. as 

 Yellow Poplar. In Biltmore Forest, the group type is readily 

 carried through with the help of three or four mother-trees to 

 the acre. The other companions of the mother trees, notably Oaks 

 and Chestnuts, are gradually cut away; spreading Dogwoods are. 

 deadened to prevent them from forming stoolshoots. 



In Pisgah Forest, regeneration is helped by preceding pasturage 

 (especially in early spring, before the seeds of Poplar germinate) 

 and by weeding following in the' wake of n. s. r. 



The seeds will never sprout in the humus; seedlings born late 

 in spring (June) and showing the cotyledons still in September are 

 sure to be killed by frost; also seedlings growing in the shade of 

 weeds. The logging roads and log yards are real " nurseries " for 

 Poplar. On steep ground, the seedlings are washed out by the rain. 



The growth is very fast. 



Seed years are annual; hollow trees are likely to furnish very 

 poor seeds. 



Plantations of 3-year-olds at Biltmore on poor old fields did 

 badly; on good soil, especially where a volunteer growth of Locust 

 has joined the plants, the success is complete. 



H. Maples: 



I. Primeval forests: 



Here the regeneration follows the compartment type (Adiron- 

 dacks, Missouri valley), the group type and the selection type 

 (Biltmore, Northern Minnesota). Maple usually appears in mixture 

 with other hardwoods, with Spruce and White Pine. Soft Maple 

 occurs in low, moist site's as well as on dry ridges. Hard Maple 

 demands well-drained and strong soil, preferring Northern aspects. 



II. Culled high forests: 



After culling, the younger stages of Maple are usually left 

 in possession and develop in dense thickets, preventing more valu- 

 able species from establishing themselves. In the Adirondacks, 

 Soft Maple is frequently found on Spruceflats after windfalls (asso- 

 ciated with Yellow Birch). 



III. Cultured high forests: 



Dr. Fernow at Axton succeeded in establishing, in places/ a 

 151 



