SYLVICULTURE. 



splendid regeneration obtained from advance growth n. s. r. of the 

 compartment type, removing the parents at one stroke. In Europe, 

 the shelterwood compartment type answers admirably. 



Biltmore Forest is deficient in Maple. Still, Hard Maple 

 planted on abandoned fields, pure or in mixture with White Pine, 

 has done admirably, excepting dry S. W. slopes, dry spurs, and 

 very moist river bottoms. 



In Pisgah Forest, Red Maple usually appears as a weed over- 

 shadowing aristocratic seedlings. 



I. Ashes: 



I. Primeval forests: The Ashes usually regenerate and stand 

 in patches or groups, occupying the moister sites. 



II. Culled high forests: 



Protected by moist ground, the Ashes stand a good chance to 

 escape the fires. During early you-th, the seedlings endure remark- 

 ably heavy shade. Weeding and improvement-cuttings produce 

 splendid results. 



III. Cultured high forests: 



Regeneration in the group type is easy, if helped by cleaning 

 (Ducker Mountain of Biltmore Estate) and gradual removal of the 

 obstructing trees. On old fields, on moist slopes, White Ash is 

 often accompanied by Yellow Poplar and Halesia. 



Plantations of 3-year-old Green Ash have failed utterly at Bilt- 

 more on dry, hard soil. 



Plantations of 3-year-old \Vhite Ash in half-swamps do very 

 well; also seed plantations on good soil in the gaps of a ridge. 



The early growth is very fast. 



Seeds are profusely produced from the pole stage on. 



J. Red Spruce: 



I. Primeval forests: The primeval Spruce woods appear as 

 more or less even-aged compartments in the swamps and sloughs 

 of the Lake States and on the dry, shallow Sovith slopes of New 

 England; in the cleared group form and in the selection form in 

 Western X. C. at altitudes exceeding 5,000 feet, mixed with Abies 

 fraseri (selection) ; in the selection form, grafted upon compart- 

 ments of Beech and Maple, on the hardwood slopes of the Adiron- 

 dacks. In the latter case, Spruce never regenerates in the heavy 

 layer of broad-leafed humus, but selects invariably the half-rotted 

 corpse of a dead tree for a seed-bed. 



II. Culled high forests: In slightly culled forests immune from 

 fires, Red Spruce seems to reproduce with remarkable ease. On fired 

 ground, Birches and Cottonwopds frequently act as ushers. Its 



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