SYLVICULTURE. 



persistence below an impenetrable leaf canopy of Beech or Maple 

 is surprising. Freed from superstructure, after long years of suf- 

 fering, it answers the chance for rapid growth almost immediately. 



III. Cultured high forests: Spruce requires high atmospheric 

 moisture; is satisfied with shallow soil; can be readily reproduced 

 by n. s. r. as well as by planting. 



Seed years: Prolific in North Carolina in fall 1901. The trees, 

 top heavy with cones, were mowed down by storms. 



K. White Pine: 



I. Primeval forests: The White Pine of the primeval woods 

 appears in compartments, almost even-aged, or in groups, either 

 pure, or with an admixture of Hard Maple, Linden, Elm, Yellow 

 Birch; or in the form of standards over Red Spruce and Balsam; 

 or in the selection form, as in the Calmia thickets of the Pink-bed 

 Swamps. It is flat-rooted, subject to windfalls, in the Xorth not 

 tolerant of shade. 



II. Culled high forests: The gorgeous White Pine forests of 

 the Lake States, after culling followed by fires, are invariably 

 surrendered to a shrubbage of hardwoods. Second growth is found 

 in beautiful groups underneath Norway Pine; individually sprinkled 

 amongst Jack Pine, Basswood, Birch, etc.; also on old burns in 

 extensive, even-aged compartments; along roads and at the edge of 

 clearings; in New England on old fields. 



In Western X. C., White Pine regenerates readily on broom- 

 sedge fields; in mixture with the Oaks on the uplands; in mixture 

 with Red Maple and Red Birch in the river swamps, etc. 



III. Cultured high forests: At Biltmore, the n. s. r. of White 

 Pine started by a few seed trees succeeds easily in the group type. 

 White Pines planted under dense shelter require freeing soon (com- 

 partment 4a). Individual trees are very retentive of branches. 

 Plantations on several hundred acres have done admirably. White 

 Pine is the easiest Pine to plant on old fields or in groups in the 

 woods after clearing. 



Seed years are frequent at Biltmore, recurring at intervals of 

 two or three years, f. i., fall of 1902 and 1904. 



L. Yellow Pines: 



I. Primeval forests: The pure group form (Black-hills) or 

 the group form wedded with the compartment form of Oaks reach- 

 ing a lesser height than the Pines seem to be typical. Pine 

 standards are often left. The compartment form of P. taeda is 

 also frequent. P. divaricata and murrayana invariably occur an 



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