SYLVICULTURE. 



even-aged compartments; P. palustris and P. heterophylla usually 

 occur in groups. 



II. Culled high forests: 



The culled forest is usually visited by fires which gradually 

 convert an undergrowth of hardwoods, where it exists, into coppice. 

 Beneath Longleaf Pine, this undergrowth begins to sprout only 

 when the mature Pine is removed. 



P. rigida and P. echinata less than 6 inches in diameter are 

 also coppiced (Xew Jersey Pines) to a limited extent. 



Where the pure high forest continues, fire has usually improved 

 the chances for n. s. r. by preparing a ready seed-bed and by 

 lessening the severity -of future fires. 



All Yellow Pines regenerate prolifically on abandoned fields, 

 often in stands which artificial planting could not produce equally 

 well. 



III. Cultured high forests: 



The n. s. r. of P. echinata in the Biltmore woods creates nuclei 

 for small groups which are freed and gradually enlarged. Heavy 

 thinnings from the early thicket stage on prevent crowding in the 

 pole stage and thereby check the chances for successful attacks by 

 the bark beetles. Pruning 100 decidedly predestined trees per acre 

 seems remunerative (dead branches only) at Biltmore. 



Standard form of P. echinata seems indicated at Biltmore. 



All Yellow Pines are easily planted when one or two years old 

 and get along without cultivation on old fields. Heavy growth of 

 weeds, on good soil, however, is sure to smother them. 



In pure and large natural regenerations, it is wise to leave 

 some hardwood standards with a view to securing an admixture 

 of hardwood seedlings in due course of time. 



In mixture with White Pine, Yellow Pine is soon subdued on 

 good soil, white it retains the lead on poor soil. 



Seed years of Pinus echinata at Biltmore occur every seven 

 years. The fall of 1902 was a prolific breeder of seeds' even in pole- 

 woods 35 years old (Walker-nursery at Biltmore). 



CHAPTER III. 

 THE COPPICE FOREST. 



Paragraph LXVIII. Genesis of the coppice forest and its methods. 

 The coppice forest is either the result of stump-shoots or is 

 obtained from rootsuckers, layers and cuttings. 

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