SYLVICULTURE. 



I. Characteristic for culled coppice is: 

 An even display of growth. 



A surprising density of stand. 



The presence of some weathered and worthless snags and 

 stumps protruding from the even sea of coppice. 



II. Subdivision of culled coppice: 



Uniformity being characteristic for culled coppice, sub-forms can 

 scarcely be singled out, unless the means of coppicing fire or axe 

 serve as a criterion. Hence there might be distinguished 



a. The form of fire culled coppice, and 



b. The form of axe culled coppice. 



This distinction is not made on the basis of different display; 

 but on the basis of difference in treatment required by the two 

 forms. 



III. Treatment of culled coppice: 



Ihe culled coppice is regenerated by being coppiced anew. In 

 the case of fire-culled coppice, it is wise- to delay the second cut as 

 little as possible. 



Coppicing in patches or small groups is not advisable, the young 

 shoots requiring all the light available for rapid hgnification. 



An insufficient number of stumps may call for artificial re- 

 inforcing. 



Improvement cuttings convert poor coppice shoots interfering 

 with their neighbors from above into healthy coppice shoots press- 

 ing their neighbors helpfully from below. 



B. Cultured forms of coppice: 



No form of cultured forest can be obtained more easily and 

 more cheaply than the form of cultured coppice. 



In the European hardwood forests, the cultured coppice of the 

 past has often served as the forerunner of the cultured high forest 

 of the present sylvan era. 



I. Characteristic for cultured coppice is an even stand, a dense 

 stand, freedom from undesirable competitors and tree weeds. 



II. Subdivisions of cultured coppice forms are : 



a. The simple form of cultured coppice, where all shoots have 

 the same age. , , 



b. The two-storied form of cultured coppice, where the growing 

 stock displays two tiers of leaf canopy, viz.: an upper and a lower 

 tier, the age of the tiers differing by the length of a rotation. 



In addition, a form of "high stumps" is usually distinguished, 

 where trees are cut some six to ten feet above ground and where the 

 shoots forming on that high stump are cut at short intervals. This 

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