SYLVICULTURE. 



framework of heavy baskets. The cutting takes place in July and 

 August. Krahe, however, advises cutting in November. - 



The first cost of an Osier plantation is very high. After Krahe, 

 the net yield amounts to $32 per acre per annum. 



CHAPTER IV. 

 THE COPPICE-UNDER-STAXDARDS FOREST. 



Paragraph LXXIII. Genesis of coppice-under-standards forests and 

 its methods. 



"Coppice under standards" consists of an underwood and of an 

 overwood. 



Thei underwood is nothing but simple, even-aged coppice. 



The overwood exhibits the selection, sometimes the group form 

 of high forest, and is supposed to recruit itself from seedlings. 



A. The underwood: 



I. Species: The species forming the underwood must combine 

 natural sprouting capacity with shade endurance. On good soil, a 

 smaller amount of both qualities is required. Excellent species for 

 underwood are Basswood; Chestnut; Gum; Hornbeam; Calmia and 

 Rnododendron ; on strong soil, Ash and Hickory; underneath a light 

 overwood also Oak. 



II. Purpose: The underwood supplies or may supply 



a. Companions for the younger age-classes of the overwood, 

 causing them to form clear boles ; 



b. Protection of the soil, enriching it by its humus; 



c. Firewood and small timber; also tanning material. 



The underwood yields a direct revenue only in case "c." Ob- 

 viously, where there is no market for firewood or small timber, the 

 underwood is only indirectly useful. 



III. Formation: For diameter, vitality and number of stumps, 

 also for manner and season of cutting, the remarks of Par. LXVIII. 

 A. (about coppicing) hold good. 



B. The overwood: 



I. Species: The species forming the overwood should be storm- 

 firm and small crowned. Light demanders are usually preferred. 



Yellow Pines produce wide-ringed timber on strong soil and 

 suffer from sleet. Good species are: White Oaks, Red Oak, Hickory, 

 Walnut, Yellow Poplar, Black Cherry, Locust, Larch, etc.; on poorer 

 soil Yellow Pines and Long-leaf Pine (over Black Jack). 

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